Summary
Dostoevsky pauses the main narrative to examine what he calls 'commonplace people'—those who desperately want to be original but lack true talent or vision. Through Varvara (Varia) and her brother Gania, we see two different responses to ordinariness. Varia has made peace with her limitations, marrying the practical but decent Ptitsin and focusing on achievable goals. Gania, however, burns with frustrated ambition, knowing he lacks genuine talent but unable to accept it. When Varia returns from visiting the Epanchins with news that Prince Myshkin is formally engaged to Aglaya, Gania's reaction reveals his complex psychology—he's simultaneously relieved and bitter. The chapter exposes how their father's alcoholism and disgraceful behavior has poisoned the family dynamics. Gania fears his father has embarrassed them all by visiting the Epanchins while drunk, potentially destroying any remaining social standing. The tension escalates as family members gather, with Hippolyte—the dying young man—apparently stirring up trouble by spreading gossip. This chapter brilliantly illustrates how ordinary people can become trapped by their own aspirations, and how family shame creates a web that ensnares everyone. Dostoevsky shows that the 'commonplace' life is often the most psychologically complex, filled with small compromises and quiet desperation.
Coming Up in Chapter 40
The family confrontation that's been building finally erupts as General Ivolgin storms in, followed by the rest of the household. What has the old general done now, and how will his latest scandal affect everyone's carefully laid plans?
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An excerpt from the original text.(~500 words)
A week had elapsed since the rendezvous of our two friends on the green bench in the park, when, one fine morning at about half-past ten o’clock, Varvara Ardalionovna, otherwise Mrs. Ptitsin, who had been out to visit a friend, returned home in a state of considerable mental depression. There are certain people of whom it is difficult to say anything which will at once throw them into relief—in other words, describe them graphically in their typical characteristics. These are they who are generally known as “commonplace people,” and this class comprises, of course, the immense majority of mankind. Authors, as a rule, attempt to select and portray types rarely met with in their entirety, but these types are nevertheless more real than real life itself. “Podkoleosin” [A character in Gogol’s comedy, The Wedding.] was perhaps an exaggeration, but he was by no means a non-existent character; on the contrary, how many intelligent people, after hearing of this Podkoleosin from Gogol, immediately began to find that scores of their friends were exactly like him! They knew, perhaps, before Gogol told them, that their friends were like Podkoleosin, but they did not know what name to give them. In real life, young fellows seldom jump out of the window just before their weddings, because such a feat, not to speak of its other aspects, must be a decidedly unpleasant mode of escape; and yet there are plenty of bridegrooms, intelligent fellows too, who would be ready to confess themselves Podkoleosins in the depths of their consciousness, just before marriage. Nor does every husband feel bound to repeat at every step, “_Tu l’as voulu, Georges Dandin!_” like another typical personage; and yet how many millions and billions of Georges Dandins there are in real life who feel inclined to utter this soul-drawn cry after their honeymoon, if not the day after the wedding! Therefore, without entering into any more serious examination of the question, I will content myself with remarking that in real life typical characters are “watered down,” so to speak; and all these Dandins and Podkoleosins actually exist among us every day, but in a diluted form. I will just add, however, that Georges Dandin might have existed exactly as Molière presented him, and probably does exist now and then, though rarely; and so I will end this scientific examination, which is beginning to look like a newspaper criticism. But for all this, the question remains,—what are the novelists to do with commonplace people, and how are they to be presented to the reader in such a form as to be in the least degree interesting? They cannot be left out altogether, for commonplace people meet one at every turn of life, and to leave them out would be to destroy the whole reality and probability of the story. To fill a novel with typical characters only, or with merely strange and uncommon people, would render the book unreal and improbable, and would very likely destroy the interest. In my...
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Intelligence Amplifier™ Analysis
The Road of Ordinary Ambition - When Being Average Becomes a Prison
The cycle of self-hatred that emerges when people desperately want to be extraordinary but lack the talent, creating resentment instead of building within their actual capabilities.
Why This Matters
Connect literature to life
This chapter teaches how to distinguish between healthy ambition and the toxic cycle of wanting to be special without doing the actual work.
Practice This Today
This week, notice when you feel resentful about others' success—ask yourself: 'Am I mad they succeeded, or am I mad I didn't try?'
Now let's explore the literary elements.
Terms to Know
Commonplace people
Dostoevsky's term for ordinary individuals who desperately want to be special or original but lack genuine talent or vision. They're trapped between their mediocrity and their ambitions, creating internal conflict.
Modern Usage:
We see this in people who constantly post on social media trying to seem unique, or those who chase trends hoping to stand out but end up looking exactly like everyone else.
Russian gentry
The educated middle class in 19th-century Russia, caught between the aristocracy above and peasants below. They often struggled financially while trying to maintain social appearances and respectability.
Modern Usage:
Similar to today's middle class families who stress about keeping up appearances while dealing with financial pressure behind closed doors.
Social disgrace
In Russian society, one family member's bad behavior could ruin the entire family's reputation and social standing. Alcoholism, debt, or scandal would spread shame to everyone connected.
Modern Usage:
Like when someone's arrest or public meltdown goes viral and embarrasses their whole family, affecting job prospects and social relationships.
Frustrated ambition
The psychological torment of knowing you want greatness but lacking the talent to achieve it. This creates bitterness, envy, and self-hatred that poisons relationships.
Modern Usage:
Seen in people who dream of being influencers, artists, or entrepreneurs but can't break through, leading to resentment toward those who succeed.
Family shame
The way one person's destructive behavior creates a web of embarrassment and damage that traps everyone in the household, affecting their opportunities and self-worth.
Modern Usage:
Like families dealing with addiction, where everyone walks on eggshells and makes excuses, while opportunities slip away due to the chaos.
Practical marriage
Marriage based on financial security and social stability rather than passionate love. Common in societies where women had limited options for independence.
Modern Usage:
Still happens today when people marry for health insurance, immigration status, or financial stability rather than romance.
Characters in This Chapter
Varvara Ardalionovna (Varia)
Practical realist
Gania's sister who has made peace with ordinariness by marrying the steady Ptitsin. She represents the wisdom of accepting your limitations and building a stable life within them.
Modern Equivalent:
The sister who married the reliable accountant instead of chasing the bad boy, and actually ended up happier
Gania Ivolgin
Frustrated dreamer
Varia's brother who burns with ambition but lacks real talent. His reaction to news of Myshkin's engagement reveals his complex mix of relief and bitterness about his own failed hopes.
Modern Equivalent:
The guy who's always talking about his big plans but never follows through, getting angry when others succeed
General Ivolgin
Family embarrassment
The alcoholic father whose drinking and lies constantly threaten the family's social standing. His potential visit to the Epanchins while drunk represents everyone's worst fears.
Modern Equivalent:
The dad whose drinking problem shows up at the worst times, like your graduation or wedding
Ptitsin
Steady provider
Varia's practical husband who represents the unglamorous but reliable choice. He's decent but unexciting, the kind of man who provides security without passion.
Modern Equivalent:
The dependable husband who's not exciting but pays the bills and shows up when needed
Hippolyte
Troublemaker
The dying young man who stirs up drama by spreading gossip and creating tension. His terminal illness makes him reckless with other people's secrets and feelings.
Modern Equivalent:
The friend who has nothing to lose and starts drama because they're dealing with their own crisis
Key Quotes & Analysis
"There are certain people of whom it is difficult to say anything which will at once throw them into relief—in other words, describe them graphically in their typical characteristics. These are they who are generally known as 'commonplace people.'"
Context: Dostoevsky introduces his meditation on ordinary people and why they're actually the most complex to understand
This sets up the chapter's central theme that 'boring' people are often the most psychologically complicated. Their very ordinariness creates internal conflict between who they are and who they want to be.
In Today's Words:
Some people are hard to pin down because they're just... regular. But regular people are actually the most messed up inside.
"In real life, young fellows seldom jump out of the window just before their weddings, because such a feat must be a decidedly unpleasant mode of escape; and yet there are plenty of bridegrooms who would be ready to confess themselves Podkoleosins."
Context: Explaining how literary characters represent real psychological types, even if their actions are exaggerated
Dostoevsky argues that fiction reveals truth about human nature. People may not literally jump out windows, but many feel trapped by their own choices and lack the courage to change.
In Today's Words:
Most guys don't actually run away from their weddings, but plenty of them want to and just don't have the guts.
"The general had undoubtedly been to the Epanchins', and had probably made some terrible scene there."
Context: Describing the family's worst fears about their father's drunken behavior embarrassing them socially
This captures the anxiety of families dealing with addiction - the constant fear that your loved one's behavior will destroy opportunities and relationships you've worked to build.
In Today's Words:
Dad definitely went over there drunk and made a complete fool of himself, ruining everything for the rest of us.
Thematic Threads
Class Anxiety
In This Chapter
Gania fears his father's drunken visit to the wealthy Epanchins has destroyed their family's remaining social standing
Development
Building from earlier chapters where characters constantly navigate social hierarchies and fear humiliation
In Your Life:
You might feel this when worried about how your family's behavior reflects on you at work or in your community.
Family Shame
In This Chapter
The whole family lives in fear of what their alcoholic father might do to embarrass them publicly
Development
Expanded from previous hints about family dysfunction to show how one person's problems trap everyone
In Your Life:
You might recognize this if you've ever avoided bringing friends home because of a family member's unpredictable behavior.
Mediocrity Acceptance
In This Chapter
Varia has found peace by marrying practical Ptitsin and focusing on achievable goals rather than grand dreams
Development
Contrasts with characters like Nastasya who chase dramatic extremes
In Your Life:
You might see this in choosing a stable job over a risky dream career, finding contentment in realistic expectations.
Frustrated Ambition
In This Chapter
Gania burns with desire to be special but knows he lacks the talent, creating bitter self-awareness
Development
Deepens from earlier chapters showing his social climbing attempts
In Your Life:
You might feel this when you want recognition at work but know others are genuinely more skilled or talented.
Social Performance
In This Chapter
Characters worry about how news of Myshkin's engagement will affect their own standing and reputation
Development
Continues the theme of characters constantly managing their public image
In Your Life:
You might recognize this in carefully curating what you share on social media or how you present yourself to neighbors.
You now have the context. Time to form your own thoughts.
Discussion Questions
- 1
How do Varia and Gania respond differently to being 'ordinary people' without exceptional talents?
analysis • surface - 2
Why does Gania feel both relieved and bitter when he hears about Prince Myshkin's engagement to Aglaya?
analysis • medium - 3
Where do you see people today trapped by wanting to be special but lacking the talent or resources to achieve it?
application • medium - 4
When you've felt stuck between your ambitions and your actual capabilities, what strategies helped you move forward?
application • deep - 5
What does this chapter suggest about the difference between healthy ambition and destructive comparison?
reflection • deep
Critical Thinking Exercise
Audit Your Ambition Trap
Write down three goals or dreams you currently have. For each one, honestly assess: Is this based on your actual strengths and interests, or on wanting to be seen as special? Which goals make you feel energized versus anxious? Identify one goal that might be driven more by comparison than genuine desire, and brainstorm how to either adjust it to fit your real capabilities or replace it with something more authentic.
Consider:
- •Consider whether you're measuring success by external validation or personal satisfaction
- •Notice if your goals require you to become a completely different person versus building on who you already are
- •Pay attention to which ambitions make you feel hopeful versus which ones make you feel inadequate
Journaling Prompt
Write about a time when you accepted a limitation and found unexpected peace or opportunity in that acceptance. How did letting go of one impossible dream open space for something more achievable and fulfilling?
Coming Up Next...
Chapter 40: When Family Secrets Explode
In the next chapter, you'll discover family dysfunction spreads when everyone enables the problem instead of addressing it, and learn people who feel powerless often attack those they see as vulnerable. These insights reveal timeless patterns that resonate in our own lives and relationships.