Summary
Dante faces his second major examination in Paradise, this time on the virtue of Hope, administered by the apostle James. Like a student eager to prove himself, Dante defines hope as 'sure expectance of future joy' - the confident belief that good things await those who persist through hardship. He traces his understanding back to the Psalms and scripture, showing how hope flows from one person to another like water from a spring. James, pleased with the answer, glows brighter and asks what specific promise hope offers. Dante responds that both Old and New Testament promise the faithful will be clothed in glory - a 'twofold vesture' representing both spiritual and physical resurrection. As their exchange ends, a third brilliant light joins them - the apostle John, who had been closest to Jesus. But when Dante tries to see John's physical form, he's warned that John's earthly body remains on Earth; only Christ and Mary have ascended bodily to Heaven. The intensity of trying to see what isn't there temporarily blinds Dante, and when he turns to find Beatrice for comfort, he discovers she has stepped back, leaving him to face this next phase of his journey with newfound independence. This chapter marks a crucial transition - Dante must now rely on his own spiritual strength rather than constantly seeking his guide's reassurance.
Coming Up in Chapter 93
Temporarily blinded and separated from Beatrice, Dante must navigate his next spiritual test without his beloved guide's immediate presence. The apostle John prepares to examine him on the greatest virtue of all - one that will determine his readiness for the ultimate vision.
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An excerpt from the original text.(complete · 1092 words)
f e’er the sacred poem that hath made Both heav’n and earth copartners in its toil, And with lean abstinence, through many a year, Faded my brow, be destin’d to prevail Over the cruelty, which bars me forth Of the fair sheep-fold, where a sleeping lamb The wolves set on and fain had worried me, With other voice and fleece of other grain I shall forthwith return, and, standing up At my baptismal font, shall claim the wreath Due to the poet’s temples: for I there First enter’d on the faith which maketh souls Acceptable to God: and, for its sake, Peter had then circled my forehead thus. Next from the squadron, whence had issued forth The first fruit of Christ’s vicars on the earth, Toward us mov’d a light, at view whereof My Lady, full of gladness, spake to me: “Lo! lo! behold the peer of mickle might, That makes Falicia throng’d with visitants!” As when the ring-dove by his mate alights, In circles each about the other wheels, And murmuring cooes his fondness; thus saw I One, of the other great and glorious prince, With kindly greeting hail’d, extolling both Their heavenly banqueting; but when an end Was to their gratulation, silent, each, Before me sat they down, so burning bright, I could not look upon them. Smiling then, Beatrice spake: “O life in glory shrin’d!” Who didst the largess of our kingly court Set down with faithful pen! let now thy voice Of hope the praises in this height resound. For thou, who figur’st them in shapes, as clear, As Jesus stood before thee, well can’st speak them.” “Lift up thy head, and be thou strong in trust: For that, which hither from the mortal world Arriveth, must be ripen’d in our beam.” Such cheering accents from the second flame Assur’d me; and mine eyes I lifted up Unto the mountains that had bow’d them late With over-heavy burden. “Sith our Liege Wills of his grace that thou, or ere thy death, In the most secret council, with his lords Shouldst be confronted, so that having view’d The glories of our court, thou mayst therewith Thyself, and all who hear, invigorate With hope, that leads to blissful end; declare, What is that hope, how it doth flourish in thee, And whence thou hadst it?” Thus proceeding still, The second light: and she, whose gentle love My soaring pennons in that lofty flight Escorted, thus preventing me, rejoin’d: Among her sons, not one more full of hope, Hath the church militant: so ’tis of him Recorded in the sun, whose liberal orb Enlighteneth all our tribe: and ere his term Of warfare, hence permitted he is come, From Egypt to Jerusalem, to see. The other points, both which thou hast inquir’d, Not for more knowledge, but that he may tell How dear thou holdst the virtue, these to him Leave I; for he may answer thee with ease, And without boasting, so God give him grace.” Like to the scholar, practis’d in his task, Who, willing to give proof of diligence, Seconds his teacher gladly, “Hope,” said I, “Is of the joy to come a sure expectance, Th’ effect of grace divine and merit preceding. This light from many a star visits my heart, But flow’d to me the first from him, who sang The songs of the Supreme, himself supreme Among his tuneful brethren. ‘Let all hope In thee,’ so speak his anthem, ‘who have known Thy name;’ and with my faith who know not that? From thee, the next, distilling from his spring, In thine epistle, fell on me the drops So plenteously, that I on others shower The influence of their dew.” Whileas I spake, A lamping, as of quick and vollied lightning, Within the bosom of that mighty sheen, Play’d tremulous; then forth these accents breath’d: “Love for the virtue which attended me E’en to the palm, and issuing from the field, Glows vigorous yet within me, and inspires To ask of thee, whom also it delights; What promise thou from hope in chief dost win.” “Both scriptures, new and ancient,” I reply’d; “Propose the mark (which even now I view) For souls belov’d of God. Isaias saith, That, in their own land, each one must be clad In twofold vesture; and their proper lands this delicious life. In terms more full, And clearer far, thy brother hath set forth This revelation to us, where he tells Of the white raiment destin’d to the saints.” And, as the words were ending, from above, “They hope in thee,” first heard we cried: whereto Answer’d the carols all. Amidst them next, A light of so clear amplitude emerg’d, That winter’s month were but a single day, Were such a crystal in the Cancer’s sign. Like as a virgin riseth up, and goes, And enters on the mazes of the dance, Though gay, yet innocent of worse intent, Than to do fitting honour to the bride; So I beheld the new effulgence come Unto the other two, who in a ring Wheel’d, as became their rapture. In the dance And in the song it mingled. And the dame Held on them fix’d her looks: e’en as the spouse Silent and moveless. “This is he, who lay Upon the bosom of our pelican: This he, into whose keeping from the cross The mighty charge was given.” Thus she spake, Yet therefore naught the more remov’d her Sight From marking them, or ere her words began, Or when they clos’d. As he, who looks intent, And strives with searching ken, how he may see The sun in his eclipse, and, through desire Of seeing, loseth power of sight: so I Peer’d on that last resplendence, while I heard: “Why dazzlest thou thine eyes in seeking that, Which here abides not? Earth my body is, In earth: and shall be, with the rest, so long, As till our number equal the decree Of the Most High. The two that have ascended, In this our blessed cloister, shine alone With the two garments. So report below.” As when, for ease of labour, or to shun Suspected peril at a whistle’s breath, The oars, erewhile dash’d frequent in the wave, All rest; the flamy circle at that voice So rested, and the mingling sound was still, Which from the trinal band soft-breathing rose. I turn’d, but ah! how trembled in my thought, When, looking at my side again to see Beatrice, I descried her not, although Not distant, on the happy coast she stood.
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Intelligence Amplifier™ Analysis
The Road of Earned Independence
The necessary but disorienting moment when external support withdraws to force reliance on internalized strength and skills.
Why This Matters
Connect literature to life
This chapter teaches how to identify when discomfort signals growth rather than failure, especially when support systems change.
Practice This Today
This week, notice when you feel abandoned or overwhelmed after someone reduces their help—ask yourself if this might be recognition of your increased capability rather than neglect.
Now let's explore the literary elements.
Terms to Know
Examination by apostles
In medieval theology, the three apostles Peter, James, and John represent faith, hope, and charity - the three theological virtues every soul must master. Dante faces formal questioning on each virtue to prove his spiritual readiness.
Modern Usage:
Like job interviews or performance reviews where we have to prove we understand core values, not just say we do.
Hope as sure expectance
Medieval Christianity defined hope not as wishful thinking, but as confident expectation based on God's promises. It's certainty about future good, even when present circumstances look bleak.
Modern Usage:
The difference between 'I hope I get promoted' and 'I'm preparing for the promotion I know will come if I do the work.'
Twofold vesture
The belief that at the final resurrection, souls will receive both spiritual glory and their perfected physical bodies back. It's the complete restoration of the whole person.
Modern Usage:
Like expecting both emotional healing and physical recovery after trauma - the whole person gets made new.
Spiritual blindness
When Dante tries to see John's physical form, he's temporarily blinded - a reminder that some spiritual truths can't be grasped through normal sight or understanding.
Modern Usage:
When we get so focused on trying to understand something we can't see that we miss what's actually in front of us.
Guide withdrawal
The moment when a mentor steps back to let their student handle challenges independently. Beatrice moves away so Dante must rely on his own spiritual strength.
Modern Usage:
When a good parent or boss stops hovering and lets you figure things out on your own.
Sacred poem
Dante refers to his own Divine Comedy as a sacred work that has consumed years of his life and caused him physical hardship through intense study and writing.
Modern Usage:
Any creative work or calling that demands everything from you - the novel that keeps you up nights, the business that consumes your weekends.
Characters in This Chapter
James
Examiner on hope
The apostle James tests Dante's understanding of hope, asking for both definition and scriptural basis. He represents the virtue of hope itself and glows brighter when pleased with Dante's answers.
Modern Equivalent:
The interviewer who really wants you to succeed and lights up when you give the right answer
John
Third apostolic presence
The beloved disciple appears as a brilliant light to complete the trio of theological virtues. His presence warns Dante about trying to see what cannot yet be seen physically.
Modern Equivalent:
The wise elder who shows up just when you think you understand everything
Dante
Student being tested
He eagerly defines hope and traces its sources through scripture, showing his theological learning. His temporary blindness teaches him about spiritual limits and independence.
Modern Equivalent:
The eager student who studies hard but still has to learn some lessons the hard way
Beatrice
Guide stepping back
She introduces James with joy but then deliberately withdraws, forcing Dante to handle this spiritual challenge without constantly looking to her for reassurance.
Modern Equivalent:
The mentor who knows when to stop helping so you can grow
Key Quotes & Analysis
"Hope is sure expectance of future joy"
Context: When James asks him to define hope during his examination
This definition shows hope as confidence, not wishful thinking. Dante demonstrates that true hope is based on firm promises, not uncertain possibilities. It's the foundation for persisting through hardship.
In Today's Words:
Hope means being sure good things are coming, not just wishing they might
"Let now thy voice of hope the praises sound"
Context: She encourages Dante to speak confidently about hope to James
Beatrice pushes Dante to voice his understanding actively, not just possess it quietly. She knows that articulating spiritual truths deepens understanding and proves readiness.
In Today's Words:
Don't just know it - say it out loud and own it
"The twofold vesture thou dost promise here"
Context: Explaining what hope promises to the faithful
Dante shows sophisticated theological understanding - hope promises both spiritual glory and physical resurrection. This completeness of restoration gives hope its power to sustain people through suffering.
In Today's Words:
You promise to make us whole again, inside and out
Thematic Threads
Personal Growth
In This Chapter
Dante must face spiritual tests without Beatrice's constant guidance, developing independent confidence
Development
Evolved from early dependence on Virgil to gradual self-reliance with Beatrice's support
In Your Life:
You might recognize this when mentors step back or when you're expected to handle situations that once required help.
Identity
In This Chapter
Dante defines himself through his understanding of hope and scripture, showing intellectual maturity
Development
Built from his initial confusion in the dark wood to confident articulation of complex spiritual concepts
In Your Life:
You see this when you can explain your values clearly instead of just following others' expectations.
Social Expectations
In This Chapter
The apostles test Dante like professors examining a student, expecting sophisticated theological responses
Development
Continued from earlier trials where Dante must prove his worthiness to spiritual authorities
In Your Life:
You experience this in job interviews, performance reviews, or any situation where you must demonstrate competence to authority figures.
Human Relationships
In This Chapter
Beatrice deliberately steps back, allowing Dante to develop independence from their guiding relationship
Development
Shifted from her role as rescuer to teacher to someone who must now withdraw support
In Your Life:
You see this when healthy relationships evolve from dependence to interdependence, requiring both parties to grow.
You now have the context. Time to form your own thoughts.
Discussion Questions
- 1
What happens when Dante turns to look for Beatrice after his conversation with the apostle James?
analysis • surface - 2
Why does Dante become temporarily blind when he tries to see John's physical form?
analysis • medium - 3
Where have you seen this pattern of support being withdrawn just when someone is ready for independence?
application • medium - 4
How would you prepare yourself for moments when your usual support system steps back?
application • deep - 5
What does this chapter suggest about the relationship between comfort and growth?
reflection • deep
Critical Thinking Exercise
Map Your Support System Transitions
Think of three times in your life when someone who had been guiding or supporting you stepped back, leaving you to handle things independently. For each situation, write down what happened, how you felt initially, and what skills or confidence you gained as a result. Look for the pattern of how support withdrawal actually signals readiness for growth.
Consider:
- •Notice whether the timing felt right to you or if it seemed too early
- •Consider how your initial panic or discomfort transformed into capability
- •Think about whether you would have grown as much if the support had remained
Journaling Prompt
Write about a current situation where you sense support might be stepping back. How can you prepare yourself to handle this transition with confidence rather than fear?
Coming Up Next...
Chapter 93: Adam Speaks: The First Human's Story
What lies ahead teaches us to articulate your deepest beliefs when questioned, and shows us understanding origins helps explain present circumstances. These patterns appear in literature and life alike.
