Summary
Montaigne dissects humanity's obsession with glory and reputation, arguing that true virtue should stand independent of public recognition. He begins by distinguishing between a person's essence and their reputation—like God, who needs no external praise to be complete, humans often mistake the shadow of glory for substance itself. Drawing on ancient philosophers like Chrysippus and Diogenes, he demonstrates how the pursuit of fame corrupts judgment and leads to hollow achievements. Montaigne exposes the contradiction in even great thinkers like Epicurus, who preached contempt for glory yet arranged for his birthday to be celebrated after death. The essay reveals how fortune, not merit, often determines who receives recognition—countless brave soldiers die unnoticed while others gain fame through luck. He argues that virtue practiced only for recognition is worthless, comparing it to a starving person choosing fancy clothes over food. The most powerful insight emerges when Montaigne suggests that our conscience should be our only judge—external validation is as unreliable as asking fools to evaluate wisdom. He concludes that women especially should not confuse honor with duty, and that authentic virtue must come from internal conviction, not external applause. This chapter matters because it challenges readers to examine their own motivations and find satisfaction in doing right regardless of who's watching.
Coming Up in Chapter 73
Having stripped away the illusions of glory, Montaigne next turns his analytical eye inward to examine presumption—our tendency to overestimate our own abilities and understanding. He'll explore how self-knowledge requires brutal honesty about our limitations.
Share it with friends
An excerpt from the original text.(~500 words)
OF GLORY There is the name and the thing: the name is a voice which denotes and signifies the thing; the name is no part of the thing, nor of the substance; ‘tis a foreign piece joined to the thing, and outside it. God, who is all fulness in Himself and the height of all perfection, cannot augment or add anything to Himself within; but His name may be augmented and increased by the blessing and praise we attribute to His exterior works: which praise, seeing we cannot incorporate it in Him, forasmuch as He can have no accession of good, we attribute to His name, which is the part out of Him that is nearest to us. Thus is it that to God alone glory and honour appertain; and there is nothing so remote from reason as that we should go in quest of it for ourselves; for, being indigent and necessitous within, our essence being imperfect, and having continual need of amelioration, ‘tis to that we ought to employ all our endeavour. We are all hollow and empty; ‘tis not with wind and voice that we are to fill ourselves; we want a more solid substance to repair us: a man starving with hunger would be very simple to seek rather to provide himself with a gay garment than with a good meal: we are to look after that whereof we have most need. As we have it in our ordinary prayers: “Gloria in excelsis Deo, et in terra pax hominibus.” We are in want of beauty, health, wisdom, virtue, and such like essential qualities: exterior ornaments should, be looked after when we have made provision for necessary things. Divinity treats amply and more pertinently of this subject, but I am not much versed in it. Chrysippus and Diogenes were the earliest and firmest advocates of the contempt of glory; and maintained that, amongst all pleasures, there was none more dangerous nor more to be avoided than that which proceeds from the approbation of others. And, in truth, experience makes us sensible of many very hurtful treasons in it. There is nothing that so poisons princes as flattery, nor anything whereby wicked men more easily obtain credit and favour with them; nor panderism so apt and so usually made use of to corrupt the chastity of women as to wheedle and entertain them with their own praises. The first charm the Syrens made use of to allure Ulysses is of this nature: “Deca vers nous, deca, o tres-louable Ulysse, Et le plus grand honneur don’t la Grece fleurisse.” [“Come hither to us, O admirable Ulysses, come hither, thou greatest ornament and pride of Greece.”--Homer, Odysseus, xii. 184.] These philosophers said, that all the glory of the world was not worth an understanding man’s holding out his finger to obtain it: “Gloria quantalibet quid erit, si gloria tantum est?” [“What is glory, be it as glorious as it may be, if it be no more than glory?”--Juvenal, Sat., vii....
Master this chapter. Complete your experience
Purchase the complete book to access all chapters and support classic literature
As an Amazon Associate, we earn a small commission from qualifying purchases at no additional cost to you.
Available in paperback, hardcover, and e-book formats
Intelligence Amplifier™ Analysis
The Recognition Trap - Why Chasing Applause Kills Authentic Achievement
The corruption of authentic motivation when external validation becomes more important than the original purpose.
Why This Matters
Connect literature to life
This chapter teaches how to recognize when you're acting for an audience instead of from genuine conviction.
Practice This Today
This week, notice when you're doing something differently because others are watching—then ask yourself if you'd still do it the same way in private.
Now let's explore the literary elements.
Terms to Know
Glory
In Montaigne's usage, glory refers to public reputation and external recognition rather than internal worth. He distinguishes between the substance of a person and their name or reputation, arguing that seeking glory corrupts our judgment about what truly matters.
Modern Usage:
Today we see this in social media culture, where people chase likes and followers instead of focusing on genuine self-improvement or meaningful relationships.
Stoicism
A philosophical school that emphasized virtue, wisdom, and emotional control over external circumstances. Montaigne references Stoic thinkers to show how even they struggled with the temptation of seeking recognition for their teachings.
Modern Usage:
Modern self-help culture often borrows Stoic ideas about focusing on what you can control rather than seeking approval from others.
Epicureanism
A philosophy that taught pleasure and tranquility as the highest good, often misunderstood as pure hedonism. Montaigne uses Epicurus as an example of contradiction—preaching contempt for fame while arranging for his own posthumous celebration.
Modern Usage:
We see this contradiction in people who claim they don't care what others think while constantly posting on social media or name-dropping.
Conscience
Montaigne presents conscience as our internal moral judge—the only reliable source for evaluating our actions. He argues this inner voice should matter more than public opinion or external validation.
Modern Usage:
Today we might call this 'knowing yourself' or 'staying true to your values' regardless of peer pressure or social expectations.
Fortune
The role of luck and circumstances in determining who receives recognition versus who remains unknown. Montaigne argues that fame often has more to do with chance than merit.
Modern Usage:
We see this in how some people become internet famous for trivial things while others doing important work remain invisible, or how timing affects career success.
Virtue
For Montaigne, true virtue exists independently of recognition—it's doing the right thing because it's right, not because others will praise you for it. Virtue practiced for applause becomes hollow performance.
Modern Usage:
This applies to people who volunteer or help others primarily to post about it online versus those who quietly do good work without seeking credit.
Characters in This Chapter
Chrysippus
Philosophical example
A Stoic philosopher Montaigne references to show how even great thinkers can be inconsistent about glory. Despite teaching that external recognition doesn't matter, he still cared about how his ideas were received.
Modern Equivalent:
The self-help guru who preaches humility but obsesses over book sales and speaking fees
Diogenes
Philosophical counterexample
The Cynic philosopher who genuinely lived his principles, rejecting social conventions and material possessions. Montaigne uses him as a rare example of someone who truly didn't seek glory.
Modern Equivalent:
The person who actually lives off-grid and doesn't post about it on Instagram
Epicurus
Contradictory example
Though he taught that pleasure and tranquility mattered more than fame, he arranged for his birthday to be celebrated after his death. Montaigne uses this to show how even philosophers struggle with the desire for recognition.
Modern Equivalent:
The minimalist influencer who makes money telling people not to care about material things
God
Perfect standard
Montaigne presents God as complete and perfect, needing no external validation. This serves as the ultimate contrast to humans, who are 'hollow and empty' and mistakenly seek glory instead of substance.
Modern Equivalent:
The secure person who doesn't need constant validation because they know their own worth
Key Quotes & Analysis
"We are all hollow and empty; 'tis not with wind and voice that we are to fill ourselves; we want a more solid substance to repair us"
Context: Explaining why seeking glory is futile when we have real internal needs
This quote captures Montaigne's central argument that humans mistake external validation for genuine fulfillment. He argues we're trying to fill a real emptiness with something insubstantial, like trying to satisfy hunger with applause.
In Today's Words:
We're all insecure inside, and getting likes and praise won't actually fix that—we need real self-improvement and genuine connections.
"A man starving with hunger would be very simple to seek rather to provide himself with a gay garment than with a good meal"
Context: Comparing the pursuit of glory to choosing appearance over substance
Montaigne uses this vivid metaphor to show how backwards our priorities become when we chase recognition. Just as a starving person needs food more than fancy clothes, we need character development more than public praise.
In Today's Words:
It's like being broke but spending your last money on designer clothes instead of groceries—you're focusing on how you look instead of what you actually need.
"Gloria in excelsis Deo"
Context: Montaigne references this prayer to show that glory belongs to God alone
By invoking this familiar prayer, Montaigne reminds readers that in Christian tradition, glory rightfully belongs only to the divine. This reinforces his argument that humans seeking glory are overreaching and misunderstanding their place.
In Today's Words:
Even our prayers say glory belongs to God, not us—so why are we so obsessed with getting it for ourselves?
Thematic Threads
Identity
In This Chapter
Montaigne argues our true self exists independent of reputation—we are not our public image
Development
Deepens earlier exploration of authentic selfhood versus social masks
In Your Life:
You might catch yourself changing behavior when you know people are watching versus when you're alone.
Class
In This Chapter
Glory and recognition often depend on fortune and position rather than merit—the wrong people get celebrated
Development
Continues theme of how social position distorts true value
In Your Life:
You've probably seen less qualified people get promoted because they're better at self-promotion.
Social Expectations
In This Chapter
Society pressures us to seek external validation, especially around concepts of honor and duty
Development
Builds on earlier chapters about conformity pressure
In Your Life:
You might feel pressure to post about good deeds or achievements to prove your worth to others.
Personal Growth
In This Chapter
True development requires internal motivation and conscience as the only reliable judge
Development
Evolves from external learning to internal wisdom cultivation
In Your Life:
Real growth happens in private moments when you choose the harder right thing with no witnesses.
Human Relationships
In This Chapter
Authentic connections require dropping the performance and being genuine, even when it's less impressive
Development
Introduced here as extension of authenticity themes
In Your Life:
Your closest relationships probably formed when you stopped trying to impress and started being real.
You now have the context. Time to form your own thoughts.
Discussion Questions
- 1
What distinction does Montaigne make between a person's true worth and their reputation? Why does he compare this to God needing no external praise?
analysis • surface - 2
Why does Montaigne argue that pursuing virtue only for recognition actually corrupts the virtue itself? What happens to our motivations when praise becomes the goal?
analysis • medium - 3
Where do you see people today choosing recognition over authentic achievement? Think about work, social media, or community involvement.
application • medium - 4
How would you build an 'internal scorecard' based on your own values rather than others' opinions? What questions would you ask yourself to stay authentic?
application • deep - 5
What does this essay reveal about why humans are so vulnerable to the Recognition Trap? What deeper need might we be trying to meet through external validation?
reflection • deep
Critical Thinking Exercise
The Recognition Audit
List three things you do regularly that others praise you for. For each one, honestly assess: Would you still do this if no one would ever know or acknowledge it? Write down what drives you in each case—internal satisfaction, external recognition, or a mix of both. This exercise helps you identify where the Recognition Trap might be operating in your own life.
Consider:
- •Be brutally honest—there's no shame in admitting you like recognition, the danger is when it becomes the only motivation
- •Look for patterns in when you feel most authentic versus when you feel like you're performing
- •Consider how your energy and satisfaction change when you focus on internal versus external rewards
Journaling Prompt
Write about a time when you did something good or right with no expectation of recognition. How did that feel different from times when you were hoping for praise? What does this tell you about your authentic motivations?
Coming Up Next...
Chapter 73: The Mirror of Self-Knowledge
What lies ahead teaches us to recognize and counter the dangerous trap of overestimating yourself while undervaluing others, and shows us honest self-assessment requires embracing your limitations rather than hiding them. These patterns appear in literature and life alike.