Summary
Montaigne turns his unflinching gaze inward to examine presumption—the twin sins of thinking too highly of ourselves and too little of others. He confesses his own struggles with this universal human flaw, admitting how he undervalues his own possessions while coveting what belongs to others, and how he lacks confidence in his own abilities while being amazed by others' certainty. Through brutally honest self-examination, he reveals his physical limitations, intellectual gaps, and social awkwardness—from his inability to remember names to his complete ignorance of basic farming despite owning land. Yet this isn't self-flagellation but wisdom: Montaigne argues that true self-knowledge comes from acknowledging our weaknesses, not from the dangerous game of comparison and pretense that most people play. He contrasts his approach with those who fake expertise or hide behind ceremony, showing how genuine humility paradoxically creates more authentic strength than false confidence. The chapter becomes a masterclass in honest self-reflection, demonstrating that admitting what we don't know is the first step toward real wisdom and meaningful connection with others.
Coming Up in Chapter 74
Having stripped away his own pretenses, Montaigne next confronts one of society's most corrosive forces—the lie. He'll explore how dishonesty poisons not just our relationships but our very souls, and why telling the truth requires a kind of courage most people lack.
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An excerpt from the original text.(~500 words)
OF PRESUMPTION There is another sort of glory, which is the having too good an opinion of our own worth. ‘Tis an inconsiderate affection with which we flatter ourselves, and that represents us to ourselves other than we truly are: like the passion of love, that lends beauties and graces to the object, and makes those who are caught by it, with a depraved and corrupt judgment, consider the thing which they love other and more perfect than it is. I would not, nevertheless, for fear of failing on this side, that a man should not know himself aright, or think himself less than he is; the judgment ought in all things to maintain its rights; ‘tis all the reason in the world he should discern in himself, as well as in others, what truth sets before him; if it be Caesar, let him boldly think himself the greatest captain in the world. We are nothing but ceremony: ceremony carries us away, and we leave the substance of things: we hold by the branches, and quit the trunk and the body; we have taught the ladies to blush when they hear that but named which they are not at all afraid to do: we dare not call our members by their right names, yet are not afraid to employ them in all sorts of debauchery: ceremony forbids us to express by words things that are lawful and natural, and we obey it: reason forbids us to do things unlawful and ill, and nobody obeys it. I find myself here fettered by the laws of ceremony; for it neither permits a man to speak well of himself, nor ill: we will leave her there for this time. They whom fortune (call it good or ill) has made to, pass their lives in some eminent degree, may by their public actions manifest what they are; but they whom she has only employed in the crowd, and of whom nobody will say a word unless they speak themselves, are to be excused if they take the boldness to speak of themselves to such as are interested to know them; by the example of Lucilius: “Ille velut fidis arcana sodalibus olim Credebat libris, neque si male cesserat, usquam Decurrens alio, neque si bene: quo fit, ut omnis, Votiva pateat veluri descripta tabella Vita senis;” [“He formerly confided his secret thoughts to his books, as to tried friends, and for good and evil, resorted not elsewhere: hence it came to pass, that the old man’s life is there all seen as on a votive tablet.”--Horace, Sat., ii. I, 30.] he always committed to paper his actions and thoughts, and there portrayed himself such as he found himself to be: “Nec id Rutilio et Scauro citra fidem; aut obtrectationi fuit.” [“Nor was this considered a breach of good faith or a disparagement to Rutilius or Scaurus.”--Tacitus, Agricola, c. I.] I remember, then, that from my infancy there was observed in me I know not what kind...
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Intelligence Amplifier™ Analysis
The Road of False Confidence
We perform confidence where we're weakest and doubt ourselves where we're actually skilled.
Why This Matters
Connect literature to life
This chapter teaches how to recognize when someone (including yourself) is faking expertise versus demonstrating genuine knowledge.
Practice This Today
This week, notice when you feel pressured to sound knowledgeable about something you don't actually understand—then practice saying 'I don't know that area well, but I can tell you about...' instead.
Now let's explore the literary elements.
Terms to Know
Presumption
Having an inflated opinion of yourself or making assumptions without evidence. Montaigne sees it as one of humanity's most dangerous flaws because it blinds us to reality.
Modern Usage:
We see this in social media culture where people present perfect lives while judging others, or in workplaces where people fake expertise they don't have.
Self-knowledge
The ability to honestly assess your own strengths, weaknesses, and limitations without delusion. Montaigne argues this is harder and more valuable than judging others.
Modern Usage:
Today we call this emotional intelligence or self-awareness - knowing what you're actually good at versus what you wish you were good at.
Ceremony
The social rituals and polite pretenses that Montaigne believes distract us from authentic truth and real substance in human relationships.
Modern Usage:
Think of corporate buzzwords, social media politeness, or saying 'How are you?' without wanting a real answer - surface-level interactions that avoid genuine connection.
Comparison trap
Montaigne's observation that we constantly measure ourselves against others, usually undervaluing what we have while overvaluing what others possess.
Modern Usage:
This is the core of social media anxiety - scrolling through others' highlight reels and feeling inadequate about your own ordinary life.
False modesty
Pretending to be humble while actually fishing for compliments or hiding your true capabilities. Montaigne distinguishes this from genuine self-awareness.
Modern Usage:
When someone says 'I'm terrible at this' while clearly being skilled, or when people downplay their achievements to seem relatable.
Renaissance humanism
The 16th-century intellectual movement that emphasized individual human potential and the importance of self-examination over blind acceptance of authority.
Modern Usage:
Today's self-help culture and therapy movements echo this focus on personal growth and questioning inherited beliefs.
Characters in This Chapter
Montaigne (the narrator)
Self-examining protagonist
He ruthlessly catalogs his own flaws and limitations, from forgetting names to not knowing how his own land works. His honesty about his weaknesses becomes his greatest strength.
Modern Equivalent:
The person in therapy who actually does the work - uncomfortable but real about their issues
Caesar
Example of justified confidence
Montaigne uses him to show that if you truly are exceptional at something, you should acknowledge it honestly rather than false modesty.
Modern Equivalent:
The skilled professional who owns their expertise without being arrogant about it
The ladies
Examples of social hypocrisy
They represent how society teaches us to be ashamed of natural things while ignoring actual moral problems - they blush at words but engage in questionable behavior.
Modern Equivalent:
People who police language on social media while ignoring real-world problems
Key Quotes & Analysis
"We are nothing but ceremony: ceremony carries us away, and we leave the substance of things"
Context: He's criticizing how society focuses on appearances and politeness while ignoring real truth and authentic connection
This captures Montaigne's frustration with how social conventions prevent genuine human interaction. He believes we get so caught up in saying the right things that we forget to be real people.
In Today's Words:
We're so busy performing politeness that we never actually connect with each other
"If it be Caesar, let him boldly think himself the greatest captain in the world"
Context: He's arguing that true self-knowledge means acknowledging your real strengths, not false modesty
Montaigne distinguishes between arrogance and honest self-assessment. If you're genuinely skilled at something, denying it is just another form of dishonesty.
In Today's Words:
If you're actually good at something, own it - fake humility helps nobody
"I would not that a man should not know himself aright, or think himself less than he is"
Context: He's warning against the opposite extreme of presumption - undervaluing yourself
This shows Montaigne's balanced approach to self-knowledge. He's not advocating for self-hatred, but for accurate self-perception that includes both strengths and weaknesses.
In Today's Words:
Don't sell yourself short either - know what you're actually worth
Thematic Threads
Self-Knowledge
In This Chapter
Montaigne practices radical honesty about his limitations—memory, farming knowledge, social skills—without shame
Development
Deepening from earlier chapters about self-examination into practical self-assessment
In Your Life:
You might recognize how you avoid honest self-inventory because it feels too vulnerable.
Social Performance
In This Chapter
He contrasts his authentic uncertainty with others who fake expertise and hide behind ceremony
Development
Building on themes of authenticity versus social masks from previous chapters
In Your Life:
You might notice how exhausting it is to maintain expertise you don't actually possess.
Class Anxiety
In This Chapter
Despite owning land, he admits complete ignorance of farming—highlighting how class position doesn't equal competence
Development
Expanding class themes to include the gap between status symbols and actual knowledge
In Your Life:
You might feel pressure to know things your position 'should' require, even when you don't.
Comparison Trap
In This Chapter
He undervalues his own possessions while coveting others', lacks confidence while amazed by others' certainty
Development
Introduced here as a core mechanism of human dissatisfaction
In Your Life:
You might constantly measure your behind-the-scenes reality against others' highlight reels.
Intellectual Humility
In This Chapter
He argues that admitting ignorance creates stronger foundation than false confidence
Development
Culminating earlier themes about the dangers of certainty and value of questioning
In Your Life:
You might discover that saying 'I don't know' actually increases rather than decreases respect from others.
You now have the context. Time to form your own thoughts.
Discussion Questions
- 1
What specific examples does Montaigne give of his own weaknesses and limitations, and why does he choose to share them so openly?
analysis • surface - 2
Why does Montaigne think we undervalue our own abilities while overestimating what others can do? What drives this pattern?
analysis • medium - 3
Where do you see people today faking expertise in areas where they're actually weak? What situations make this most tempting?
application • medium - 4
How would you handle a situation where admitting 'I don't know' feels risky but pretending expertise could lead to bigger problems?
application • deep - 5
What does Montaigne's approach to self-knowledge teach us about the difference between confidence and competence?
reflection • deep
Critical Thinking Exercise
Map Your Expertise vs. Performance Gap
Create two columns: 'Where I Perform Confidence' and 'Where I Actually Excel.' In the first column, list areas where you speak with authority but aren't truly expert. In the second, list skills you downplay or take for granted. Look for the gap between where you perform expertise and where you actually have it.
Consider:
- •Notice which areas feel most uncomfortable to admit weakness in
- •Pay attention to skills you dismiss as 'common sense' or 'anyone can do that'
- •Consider how social expectations shape where you feel pressure to seem knowledgeable
Journaling Prompt
Write about a time when admitting you didn't know something led to a better outcome than if you had pretended to be an expert. What did that experience teach you about the power of honest humility?
Coming Up Next...
Chapter 74: Writing About Yourself Without Shame
Moving forward, we'll examine to defend your right to tell your own story, and understand honesty about yourself builds stronger connections than false modesty. These insights bridge the gap between classic literature and modern experience.