Summary
Montaigne argues that we judge people all wrong. While we carefully examine a horse's legs and eyes before buying, ignoring fancy saddles and decorations, we do the opposite with humans—getting dazzled by wealth, titles, and status symbols while ignoring what actually matters: character, wisdom, and inner strength. He points out that a wise person who controls their desires and fears is worth more than any king, because true value comes from within. Kings and emperors, despite their power and luxury, suffer the same physical pain, emotional turmoil, and human frailties as everyone else. Their crowns don't protect them from gout, jealousy, or death. Montaigne uses examples of rulers who recognized this truth—some even gave up power to find genuine happiness in simple pleasures like gardening. The real tragedy of high status, he suggests, is isolation: kings can never have true friendships because everyone around them has ulterior motives. They're prisoners of their own position, constantly watched and judged, unable to enjoy simple pleasures that regular people take for granted. The chapter concludes that the vast differences we see between social classes are mostly superficial—like actors in costumes. Strip away the external trappings, and you'll find the same human nature underneath. Real inequality exists in wisdom, character, and the ability to find contentment, not in bank accounts or bloodlines.
Coming Up in Chapter 43
Having explored how we misjudge worth based on external status, Montaigne next examines sumptuary laws—government attempts to control luxury and display through regulation. He'll investigate whether trying to legislate against excess and ostentation can actually change human nature or social dynamics.
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An excerpt from the original text.(~500 words)
OF THE INEQUALITY AMOUNGST US. Plutarch says somewhere that he does not find so great a difference betwixt beast and beast as he does betwixt man and man; which he says in reference to the internal qualities and perfections of the soul. And, in truth, I find so vast a distance betwixt Epaminondas, according to my judgment of him, and some that I know, who are yet men of good sense, that I could willingly enhance upon Plutarch, and say that there is more difference betwixt such and such a man than there is betwixt such a man and such a beast: [“Ah! how much may one man surpass another!” --Terence, Eunuchus, ii. 2.] and that there are as many and innumerable degrees of mind as there are cubits betwixt this and heaven. But as touching the estimate of men, ‘tis strange that, ourselves excepted, no other creature is esteemed beyond its proper qualities; we commend a horse for his strength and sureness of foot, “Volucrem Sic laudamus equum, facili cui plurima palma Fervet, et exsultat rauco victoria circo,” [“So we praise the swift horse, for whose easy mastery many a hand glows in applause, and victory exults in the hoarse circus. --“Juvenal, viii. 57.] and not for his rich caparison; a greyhound for his speed of heels, not for his fine collar; a hawk for her wing, not for her gesses and bells. Why, in like manner, do we not value a man for what is properly his own? He has a great train, a beautiful palace, so much credit, so many thousand pounds a year: all these are about him, but not in him. You will not buy a pig in a poke: if you cheapen a horse, you will see him stripped of his housing-cloths, you will see him naked and open to your eye; or if he be clothed, as they anciently were wont to present them to princes to sell, ‘tis only on the less important parts, that you may not so much consider the beauty of his colour or the breadth of his crupper, as principally to examine his legs, eyes, and feet, which are the members of greatest use: “Regibus hic mos est: ubi equos mercantur, opertos Inspiciunt; ne, si facies, ut saepe, decora Molli fulta pede est, emptorem inducat hiantem” [“This is the custom of kings: when they buy horses, they have open inspection, lest, if a fair head, as often chances, is supported by a weak foot, it should tempt the gaping purchaser.” --Horace, Sat., i. 2, 86.] why, in giving your estimate of a man, do you prize him wrapped and muffled up in clothes? He then discovers nothing to you but such parts as are not in the least his own, and conceals those by which alone one may rightly judge of his value. ‘Tis the price of the blade that you inquire into, not of the scabbard: you would not peradventure bid a farthing for him, if you...
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Intelligence Amplifier™ Analysis
The Road of Surface Judgment
We consistently evaluate people based on external status symbols while ignoring the character traits and inner qualities that actually predict behavior and worth.
Why This Matters
Connect literature to life
This chapter teaches how to evaluate people based on character and competence rather than external markers of success.
Practice This Today
This week, notice when you make snap judgments based on someone's appearance, job title, or possessions—then look for evidence of their actual character and abilities.
Now let's explore the literary elements.
Terms to Know
Plutarch
Ancient Greek philosopher and biographer who wrote about famous leaders and thinkers. Montaigne quotes him constantly because Plutarch understood human nature across all social classes. He's like the original life coach who studied what made people tick.
Modern Usage:
We still reference experts and thought leaders to back up our arguments, just like Montaigne name-drops Plutarch to show he's not making this stuff up.
Epaminondas
Ancient Greek military leader known for his wisdom and character, not just his victories. Montaigne uses him as an example of someone with real inner worth. He represents the kind of person who has substance beneath the surface.
Modern Usage:
Think of leaders we respect for their integrity and judgment, not just their success or fame - like comparing a principled teacher to a flashy influencer.
Caparison
Fancy decorative covering for a horse, like expensive saddles and bridles. Montaigne uses this to show how we ignore what actually matters (the horse's strength) and focus on meaningless decorations. It's all about surface versus substance.
Modern Usage:
We do this with designer labels, luxury cars, and social media filters - judging the packaging instead of what's actually underneath.
Gesses and bells
Leather straps and decorative bells put on hunting hawks - basically fancy accessories that don't affect the bird's actual hunting ability. Montaigne points out we should judge the hawk by how well it flies, not how pretty its gear looks.
Modern Usage:
Like judging someone's work skills by their expensive laptop or designer clothes instead of their actual performance and results.
Social estimation
How society decides someone's worth or value, usually based on external factors like wealth, title, or family name. Montaigne argues we're terrible at this because we focus on the wrong things. True worth comes from character and wisdom.
Modern Usage:
We still do this with credit scores, job titles, and social media followers - measuring people by external markers instead of who they really are.
Inner qualities
The real characteristics that make someone valuable - things like wisdom, courage, self-control, and the ability to handle life's challenges. These can't be bought or inherited, only developed through experience and reflection.
Modern Usage:
What we mean when we talk about emotional intelligence, resilience, or 'good character' - the stuff that actually matters in relationships and real-life situations.
Characters in This Chapter
Plutarch
philosophical authority
Montaigne's go-to source for wisdom about human nature. He observed that people vary more from each other than animals do, which supports Montaigne's argument about real versus fake differences between people.
Modern Equivalent:
The respected mentor whose insights everyone quotes
Epaminondas
exemplar of true worth
Ancient Greek leader that Montaigne holds up as someone with genuine inner value. He represents what real human excellence looks like - not wealth or status, but character and wisdom that shows in how someone lives.
Modern Equivalent:
The teacher or coach everyone respects for their integrity, not their salary
Kings and emperors
examples of false superiority
Montaigne uses various rulers to show that high status doesn't protect you from human problems. They still get sick, feel pain, struggle with relationships, and face death just like everyone else.
Modern Equivalent:
Celebrities and billionaires who seem to have everything but still struggle with depression and loneliness
Key Quotes & Analysis
"We commend a horse for his strength and sureness of foot, and not for his rich caparison; a greyhound for his speed of heels, not for his fine collar; a hawk for her wing, not for her gesses and bells. Why, in like manner, do we not value a man for what is properly his own?"
Context: Montaigne is pointing out the contradiction in how we judge animals versus humans
This reveals how backwards our priorities are. We're smart enough to see past fancy decorations when buying a horse, but we fall for the same tricks when evaluating people. It shows we know better but choose to be fooled by status symbols.
In Today's Words:
We wouldn't buy a slow horse just because it has an expensive saddle, so why do we assume someone's smart just because they drive a nice car?
"There is more difference betwixt such and such a man than there is betwixt such a man and such a beast"
Context: Building on Plutarch's observation about human variation
This shocking comparison forces us to think about what really separates people from each other. Montaigne suggests that wisdom and character create bigger gaps between humans than biology creates between species.
In Today's Words:
The difference between a wise person and a fool is bigger than the difference between a person and an animal.
"Strip away the external trappings, and you'll find the same human nature underneath"
Context: Comparing social classes to actors in costumes
This cuts through all the artificial differences society creates. Underneath titles, wealth, and status symbols, we're all dealing with the same basic human experiences - fear, hope, love, pain, and mortality.
In Today's Words:
Take away the fancy job titles and designer clothes, and we're all just people trying to figure out life.
Thematic Threads
Class
In This Chapter
Montaigne argues that social class differences are mostly superficial costumes hiding the same human nature underneath
Development
Builds on earlier themes about social pretension by showing how class distinctions blind us to individual worth
In Your Life:
You might catch yourself assuming someone's intelligence or worth based on their job title or neighborhood rather than getting to know them.
Identity
In This Chapter
True identity comes from inner qualities like wisdom and character, not external roles or possessions
Development
Deepens the ongoing exploration of authentic self versus social performance
In Your Life:
You might realize you're defining yourself by your job or income level instead of your values and relationships.
Social Expectations
In This Chapter
Society teaches us to value the wrong things—status symbols over character, appearance over substance
Development
Extends earlier critiques of social conventions by showing how they corrupt our judgment of others
In Your Life:
You might notice pressure to buy things you can't afford to maintain an image others expect from you.
Human Relationships
In This Chapter
High status actually isolates people because others approach them with ulterior motives rather than genuine connection
Development
Introduces the paradox that social elevation can destroy authentic relationships
In Your Life:
You might recognize how your own success or struggles affect whether people's interest in you feels genuine.
Personal Growth
In This Chapter
Real growth comes from developing wisdom and self-control, not accumulating external markers of success
Development
Reinforces the theme that internal development matters more than external achievement
In Your Life:
You might shift focus from impressing others to building skills and character that actually improve your life.
You now have the context. Time to form your own thoughts.
Discussion Questions
- 1
Montaigne says we examine a horse's legs and eyes before buying, but ignore character when judging people. What examples does he give of how we get distracted by surface appearances?
analysis • surface - 2
Why does Montaigne argue that kings and wealthy people aren't actually better off than regular folks? What human experiences do they share despite their status?
analysis • medium - 3
Think about your workplace, school, or community. Where do you see people getting judged more by their 'costume' than their actual character or abilities?
application • medium - 4
When you meet someone new, what do you notice first - their car, clothes, job title, or how they treat the server? How could you train yourself to look past the surface?
application • deep - 5
Montaigne suggests that real inequality exists in wisdom and character, not money or status. What does this mean for how you want to invest your time and energy in your own life?
reflection • deep
Critical Thinking Exercise
Judge the Horse, Not the Saddle
Think of someone you initially judged positively or negatively based on surface appearances - their clothes, car, job, accent, or social media presence. Write down what you noticed first, then list three deeper qualities you discovered later that either confirmed or completely contradicted your first impression. Finally, identify one person in your current life you might be misjudging based on externals.
Consider:
- •Focus on actual behaviors and character traits, not just different surface markers
- •Consider how your own background and experiences shaped your initial judgment
- •Think about times when others might have misjudged you based on appearances
Journaling Prompt
Write about a time when someone looked past your surface appearance to see your real value, or when you had to prove yourself despite not having the 'right' credentials or image. How did that experience change how you evaluate others?
Coming Up Next...
Chapter 43: Why Luxury Bans Backfire
What lies ahead teaches us prohibition often increases desire for forbidden things, and shows us leaders should model the behavior they want to see. These patterns appear in literature and life alike.