Summary
Montaigne tackles one of life's trickiest balancing acts: how even our best qualities can destroy us when we push them too far. He argues that we can literally love virtue so much that it stops being virtuous—like the archer who shoots past the target or the devoted person whose extreme piety makes others uncomfortable. Through vivid examples from history and his own observations, he shows how excess corrupts everything it touches, even marriage and devotion to God. A mother who helps execute her own son for honor, a king so religious he seems unfit to rule, husbands who treat their wives with such passion it becomes destructive—all demonstrate how good intentions can spiral into harm. Montaigne particularly focuses on how this applies to intimate relationships, arguing that even marital love needs boundaries and restraint to remain healthy. He observes that human nature seems designed to make us miserable: we have so few pure pleasures, yet we create rules and restrictions that make us even more wretched. The essay reveals Montaigne's core belief that wisdom lies not in passionate extremes but in finding the middle path—a skill that requires constant vigilance because our natural tendency is to push everything too far. This chapter matters because it teaches us to recognize when our strengths are becoming weaknesses, when our devotion is becoming obsession, and when our good intentions are causing harm.
Coming Up in Chapter 30
Next, Montaigne turns his attention to one of history's most misunderstood peoples, challenging everything his contemporaries believe about civilization and savagery. His encounter with Brazilian cannibals will force him—and us—to question who the real barbarians are.
Share it with friends
An excerpt from the original text.(~500 words)
OF MODERATION As if we had an infectious touch, we, by our manner of handling, corrupt things that in themselves are laudable and good: we may grasp virtue so that it becomes vicious, if we embrace it too stringently and with too violent a desire. Those who say, there is never any excess in virtue, forasmuch as it is not virtue when it once becomes excess, only play upon words: “Insani sapiens nomen ferat, aequus iniqui, Ultra quam satis est, virtutem si petat ipsam.” [“Let the wise man bear the name of a madman, the just one of an unjust, if he seek wisdom more than is sufficient.” --Horace, Ep., i. 6, 15.] [“The wise man is no longer wise, the just man no longer just, if he seek to carry his love for wisdom or virtue beyond that which is necessary.”] This is a subtle consideration of philosophy. A man may both be too much in love with virtue, and be excessive in a just action. Holy Writ agrees with this, Be not wiser than you should, but be soberly wise.--[St. Paul, Epistle to the Romans, xii. 3.]--I have known a great man, --[“It is likely that Montaigne meant Henry III., king of France. The Cardinal d’Ossat, writing to Louise, the queen-dowager, told her, in his frank manner, that he had lived as much or more like a monk than a monarch (Letter XXIII.) And Pope Sextus V., speaking of that prince one day to the Cardinal de Joyeuse, protector of the affairs of France, said to him pleasantly, ‘There is nothing that your king hath not done, and does not do so still, to be a monk, nor anything that I have not done, not to be a monk.’”--Coste.] prejudice the opinion men had of his devotion, by pretending to be devout beyond all examples of others of his condition. I love temperate and moderate natures. An immoderate zeal, even to that which is good, even though it does not offend, astonishes me, and puts me to study what name to give it. Neither the mother of Pausanias, --[“Montaigne would here give us to understand, upon the authority of Diodorus Siculus, that Pausanias’ mother gave the first hint of the punishment that was to be inflicted on her son. ‘Pausanias,’ says this historian, ‘perceiving that the ephori, and some other Lacedoemonians, aimed at apprehending him, got the start of them, and went and took sanctuary m Minerva’s temple: and the Lacedaemonians, being doubtful whether they ought to take him from thence in violation of the franchise there, it is said that his own mother came herself to the temple but spoke nothing nor did anything more than lay a piece of brick, which she brought with her, on the threshold of the temple, which, when she had done, she returned home. The Lacedaemonians, taking the hint from the mother, caused the gate of the temple to be walled up, and by this means starved Pausanias, so that he...
Master this chapter. Complete your experience
Purchase the complete book to access all chapters and support classic literature
As an Amazon Associate, we earn a small commission from qualifying purchases at no additional cost to you.
Available in paperback, hardcover, and e-book formats
Intelligence Amplifier™ Analysis
The Road of Virtuous Excess
Our greatest strengths become destructive when we push them beyond their natural limits, mistaking intensity for righteousness.
Why This Matters
Connect literature to life
This chapter teaches us to spot the moment when our virtues tip into vices, when our care becomes control, when our help becomes harm.
Practice This Today
This week, notice when people start pulling away from your 'help'—that's your signal to dial back your good intentions and check if you're serving them or serving your own need to be needed.
Now let's explore the literary elements.
Terms to Know
Virtue in excess
The idea that even good qualities can become harmful when taken to extremes. Montaigne argues that being too virtuous actually stops being virtuous at all—like loving someone so much you suffocate them.
Modern Usage:
We see this in helicopter parenting, workaholic 'dedication,' or people so focused on healthy eating they develop eating disorders.
Stoic philosophy
An ancient Greek philosophy emphasizing self-control and emotional restraint. Montaigne references this tradition but argues that even Stoic virtue can go too far when it becomes rigid and inhuman.
Modern Usage:
Today's 'toxic positivity' or people who suppress all emotions in the name of being 'strong' reflect this same dangerous extreme.
Moderation
The central concept of avoiding extremes in any direction. For Montaigne, this isn't about being lukewarm—it's about finding the sweet spot where virtue remains beneficial rather than destructive.
Modern Usage:
Work-life balance, setting healthy boundaries, or knowing when to stop helping someone who won't help themselves.
Marital temperance
Montaigne's controversial idea that even married couples should practice restraint in their physical relationship. He argues that too much passion, even between spouses, can become destructive.
Modern Usage:
Modern relationship advice about maintaining individual identity within marriage or not making your partner your entire world.
Holy Writ
Biblical scripture, which Montaigne quotes to support his argument about moderation. He uses religious authority to show that even Christianity warns against excessive virtue.
Modern Usage:
Any authoritative source people cite to back up their arguments—whether it's scientific studies, expert opinions, or cultural wisdom.
Philosophical consideration
Montaigne's method of examining ideas from multiple angles rather than accepting simple answers. He shows how virtue can be both good and bad depending on degree.
Modern Usage:
Critical thinking skills—looking at the pros and cons of any situation rather than seeing things in black and white.
Characters in This Chapter
The great man (likely Henry III)
Historical example
A king so devoted to religious practices that he seemed unfit to rule. Montaigne uses him to show how excessive piety can actually harm the very duties virtue should support.
Modern Equivalent:
The boss so focused on following every rule they can't make practical decisions
The Roman mother
Cautionary example
A woman who helped execute her own son to uphold honor and virtue. Montaigne presents her as someone whose commitment to principle became monstrous.
Modern Equivalent:
The parent who disowns their child over family reputation or social expectations
Cato
Classical exemplar
The famous Roman known for extreme virtue and moral rigidity. Montaigne suggests that even Cato's legendary virtue could become excessive and inhuman.
Modern Equivalent:
The coworker who follows every policy to the letter but makes everyone miserable
The passionate husband
Negative example
Montaigne describes husbands who treat their wives with such intense desire that it becomes inappropriate and harmful to the marriage relationship.
Modern Equivalent:
The partner whose jealousy and possessiveness destroys what they claim to love most
Key Quotes & Analysis
"We may grasp virtue so that it becomes vicious, if we embrace it too stringently and with too violent a desire."
Context: Opening argument about how good things can become bad through excess
This captures Montaigne's central insight—that the way we pursue something matters as much as what we pursue. Even virtue can corrupt us if we become obsessed with it.
In Today's Words:
You can be so determined to do the right thing that you end up doing the wrong thing.
"Be not wiser than you should, but be soberly wise."
Context: Biblical support for the argument against excess
Montaigne uses religious authority to show that even Christianity warns against taking virtue too far. 'Soberly wise' suggests wisdom with restraint and humility.
In Today's Words:
Don't be a know-it-all—be smart, but stay humble and practical about it.
"There is never any excess in virtue, forasmuch as it is not virtue when it once becomes excess."
Context: An opposing viewpoint that Montaigne critiques
Montaigne calls this 'playing upon words'—a clever but unhelpful distinction. He argues that real virtue must account for practical consequences, not just theoretical purity.
In Today's Words:
Some people say you can't have too much of a good thing, but that's just word games—too much of anything stops being good.
Thematic Threads
Balance
In This Chapter
Montaigne argues that even virtue requires moderation—that excess corrupts everything it touches, including our best qualities
Development
Introduced here as core philosophy
In Your Life:
You might recognize this when your helpfulness becomes enabling or your honesty becomes cruelty
Self-awareness
In This Chapter
The essay demands we examine our motivations when we feel most righteous about our behavior
Development
Building on earlier themes of honest self-examination
In Your Life:
You see this when you're convinced you're helping but people keep pulling away from you
Human Nature
In This Chapter
Montaigne observes we're naturally inclined to push good things too far, making ourselves miserable through excess
Development
Deepening his exploration of why humans create their own suffering
In Your Life:
You experience this when you can't stop yourself from overdoing things that initially brought joy
Relationships
In This Chapter
He specifically examines how excessive love and devotion can destroy marriages and family bonds
Development
Expanding relationship wisdom beyond earlier chapters
In Your Life:
You might see this in relationships where too much attention or care starts feeling suffocating
Wisdom
In This Chapter
True wisdom lies in recognizing when enough is enough, even with good things
Development
Crystallizing practical wisdom themes from throughout the essays
In Your Life:
You develop this by learning to stop before you cross the line from helpful to harmful
You now have the context. Time to form your own thoughts.
Discussion Questions
- 1
What examples does Montaigne give of people whose virtues became destructive when taken too far?
analysis • surface - 2
Why does Montaigne think we naturally push good things past their healthy limits?
analysis • medium - 3
Where do you see this pattern in modern life - people whose strengths become weaknesses through excess?
application • medium - 4
How can someone recognize when their own best qualities are starting to cause harm?
application • deep - 5
What does this chapter reveal about the relationship between good intentions and actual results?
reflection • deep
Critical Thinking Exercise
Audit Your Virtue Signals
Think of three qualities you're most proud of - maybe you're helpful, honest, hardworking, or protective. For each quality, write down one way it has ever backfired or caused problems. Then identify one early warning sign that tells you when you're pushing that strength too far.
Consider:
- •Focus on times when people pulled away from your 'help' or seemed uncomfortable with your virtue
- •Look for patterns where your good intentions created the opposite of what you wanted
- •Notice when you feel most righteous or justified - that's often when you're most dangerous
Journaling Prompt
Write about a time when one of your best qualities caused problems in a relationship. What would you do differently now that you understand Montaigne's warning about virtuous excess?
Coming Up Next...
Chapter 30: Questioning Our Own Barbarism
In the next chapter, you'll discover to recognize your own cultural blind spots and biases, and learn firsthand experience beats secondhand opinions and stereotypes. These insights reveal timeless patterns that resonate in our own lives and relationships.