Summary
Claudius masterfully manipulates the grieving Laertes, first explaining why he couldn't publicly punish Hamlet—the queen loves him too much, and the people adore him. When Hamlet's letter arrives announcing his unexpected return, Claudius sees opportunity. He flatters Laertes about his fencing skills, claiming a French nobleman praised them so highly that Hamlet became envious. The king proposes a 'friendly' fencing match where Laertes will use a sharpened, poisoned sword while Hamlet uses a blunted one. As backup, Claudius will prepare poisoned wine in case the sword fails. Just as their plot solidifies, Gertrude arrives with devastating news: Ophelia has drowned. The queen describes how Ophelia fell into a brook while making flower garlands, singing as she sank, her madness preventing her from saving herself. Laertes struggles between grief and the masculine expectation not to cry, then storms out. This chapter reveals how skilled manipulators like Claudius exploit others' pain for their own ends. He transforms Laertes' legitimate grief into a weapon, using flattery and shared purpose to ensure loyalty. The multiple backup plans show how calculated evil operates—nothing left to chance. Ophelia's death represents the ultimate cost of the adults' games, an innocent destroyed by forces beyond her control.
Coming Up in Chapter 20
The final act begins in a graveyard, where Hamlet will confront mortality in the most direct way possible. A chance encounter will force him to grapple with death, legacy, and what it truly means to exist.
Share it with friends
An excerpt from the original text.(~500 words)
SCENE VII. Another room in the Castle. Enter King and Laertes. KING. Now must your conscience my acquittance seal, And you must put me in your heart for friend, Sith you have heard, and with a knowing ear, That he which hath your noble father slain Pursu’d my life. LAERTES. It well appears. But tell me Why you proceeded not against these feats, So crimeful and so capital in nature, As by your safety, wisdom, all things else, You mainly were stirr’d up. KING. O, for two special reasons, Which may to you, perhaps, seem much unsinew’d, But yet to me they are strong. The Queen his mother Lives almost by his looks; and for myself,— My virtue or my plague, be it either which,— She’s so conjunctive to my life and soul, That, as the star moves not but in his sphere, I could not but by her. The other motive, Why to a public count I might not go, Is the great love the general gender bear him, Who, dipping all his faults in their affection, Would like the spring that turneth wood to stone, Convert his gyves to graces; so that my arrows, Too slightly timber’d for so loud a wind, Would have reverted to my bow again, And not where I had aim’d them. LAERTES. And so have I a noble father lost, A sister driven into desperate terms, Whose worth, if praises may go back again, Stood challenger on mount of all the age For her perfections. But my revenge will come. KING. Break not your sleeps for that. You must not think That we are made of stuff so flat and dull That we can let our beard be shook with danger, And think it pastime. You shortly shall hear more. I lov’d your father, and we love ourself, And that, I hope, will teach you to imagine— Enter a Messenger. How now? What news? MESSENGER. Letters, my lord, from Hamlet. This to your Majesty; this to the Queen. KING. From Hamlet! Who brought them? MESSENGER. Sailors, my lord, they say; I saw them not. They were given me by Claudio. He receiv’d them Of him that brought them. KING. Laertes, you shall hear them. Leave us. [_Exit Messenger._] [_Reads._] ‘High and mighty, you shall know I am set naked on your kingdom. Tomorrow shall I beg leave to see your kingly eyes. When I shall, first asking your pardon thereunto, recount the occasions of my sudden and more strange return. HAMLET.’ What should this mean? Are all the rest come back? Or is it some abuse, and no such thing? LAERTES. Know you the hand? KING. ’Tis Hamlet’s character. ‘Naked!’ And in a postscript here he says ‘alone.’ Can you advise me? LAERTES. I am lost in it, my lord. But let him come, It warms the very sickness in my heart That I shall live and tell him to his teeth, ‘Thus diest thou.’ KING. If it be so, Laertes,— As how...
Master this chapter. Complete your experience
Purchase the complete book to access all chapters and support classic literature
As an Amazon Associate, we earn a small commission from qualifying purchases at no additional cost to you.
Available in paperback, hardcover, and e-book formats
Intelligence Amplifier™ Analysis
The Road of Weaponized Grief
When manipulators transform someone's legitimate pain into a weapon for their own purposes by validating the hurt then redirecting the anger.
Why This Matters
Connect literature to life
This chapter teaches how to recognize when someone validates your pain only to redirect your anger toward their chosen target.
Practice This Today
This week, notice when someone 'understands your frustration' then immediately suggests who's really to blame—pause and ask what they gain from your anger.
Now let's explore the literary elements.
Terms to Know
Manipulation through flattery
The tactic of praising someone's abilities or qualities to make them more willing to do what you want. Claudius tells Laertes how skilled he is at fencing to set up the deadly duel.
Modern Usage:
We see this when bosses butter up employees before asking them to work overtime, or when someone compliments you right before asking for a favor.
Scapegoating
Blaming someone else for problems to deflect responsibility from yourself. Claudius makes Hamlet the villain in Laertes' story while hiding his own guilt.
Modern Usage:
Politicians blame the previous administration for current problems, or family members blame one person for all the dysfunction.
Public opinion as protection
When someone can't be directly confronted because they're too popular or well-liked. Claudius explains he can't openly move against Hamlet because the people love him.
Modern Usage:
Like when a popular employee gets away with poor behavior because management fears backlash, or celebrities avoid consequences due to their fanbase.
Backup plans in schemes
Having multiple ways to achieve your goal in case the first method fails. Claudius prepares both a poisoned sword and poisoned wine for the duel.
Modern Usage:
Modern criminals often have escape routes planned, or people plotting office politics prepare multiple strategies to get what they want.
Grief as vulnerability
How intense emotional pain makes people easier to manipulate and control. Claudius exploits Laertes' raw grief over his father's death.
Modern Usage:
Scammers target recently widowed people, or toxic friends use your breakup pain to turn you against your ex.
Collateral damage
Innocent people who get hurt as a side effect of other people's conflicts or schemes. Ophelia dies because of the adults' political games.
Modern Usage:
Children caught in nasty divorces, employees fired during corporate power struggles, or communities destroyed by gang warfare.
Characters in This Chapter
Claudius
Master manipulator
Skillfully turns Laertes' grief into a weapon against Hamlet. Shows how he maintains power through careful psychology rather than brute force.
Modern Equivalent:
The smooth-talking manager who makes you think terrible ideas are your own
Laertes
Grieving son seeking revenge
Becomes Claudius's perfect tool because his pain makes him desperate for someone to blame. His legitimate grief is weaponized against him.
Modern Equivalent:
The friend who gets talked into bad decisions when they're hurting
Gertrude
Bearer of tragic news
Delivers the devastating news of Ophelia's death with poetic detail. Her description shows how she processes trauma through beauty and distance.
Modern Equivalent:
The family member who delivers bad news gently but can't face the full reality
Ophelia
Innocent victim
Her death represents the ultimate cost of everyone else's schemes. Dies singing, showing how madness became her only escape from an impossible situation.
Modern Equivalent:
The kid who gets destroyed by their parents' toxic relationship
Key Quotes & Analysis
"The Queen his mother lives almost by his looks"
Context: Explaining to Laertes why he can't openly punish Hamlet
Reveals how Claudius understands family dynamics and uses them strategically. He knows Gertrude's love for Hamlet protects him politically.
In Today's Words:
His mom is so attached to him that going after him would destroy her
"The great love the general gender bear him"
Context: Continuing his explanation about why Hamlet is untouchable
Shows Claudius's political savvy - he knows public opinion matters more than justice. He can't risk making Hamlet a martyr.
In Today's Words:
Everyone loves this guy, so if I come for him, they'll turn on me
"There, on the pendent boughs her coronet weeds clambering to hang, an envious sliver broke"
Context: Describing how Ophelia fell into the water and drowned
The poetic language shows how people sometimes beautify tragedy to make it bearable. Gertrude can't face the harsh reality of suicide.
In Today's Words:
She was trying to hang flowers on a branch when it broke and she fell in
Thematic Threads
Manipulation
In This Chapter
Claudius masterfully converts Laertes' grief into murderous loyalty through validation, flattery, and providing a target
Development
Evolved from earlier subtle manipulation to now showing the complete playbook of emotional weaponization
In Your Life:
You might see this when someone validates your workplace frustrations then steers you toward specific targets for blame.
Betrayal
In This Chapter
Claudius plans to betray the rules of 'friendly' competition with poisoned weapons and backup murder plots
Development
Built from Claudius's original betrayal of his brother to now orchestrating elaborate deceptions
In Your Life:
You might encounter this when someone proposes 'fair' competitions or discussions while secretly stacking the deck.
Power Dynamics
In This Chapter
Claudius explains why he couldn't openly punish Hamlet—the queen's love and people's adoration limit his power
Development
Continues exploring how even kings must navigate political realities and public opinion
In Your Life:
You might recognize this when authority figures explain why they 'can't' take direct action against someone popular.
Grief
In This Chapter
Both Laertes' raw anger over his father and Ophelia's tragic drowning show grief's devastating power
Development
Introduced here as a central force that can be exploited and weaponized by others
In Your Life:
You might experience this when your own losses make you vulnerable to others' agendas and manipulation.
Innocence Lost
In This Chapter
Ophelia's death represents the ultimate cost of the adults' schemes—an innocent destroyed by forces beyond her control
Development
Culmination of Ophelia's descent from pure love to madness to death, showing collateral damage of corruption
In Your Life:
You might witness this when workplace or family conflicts harm bystanders who never chose to be involved.
You now have the context. Time to form your own thoughts.
Discussion Questions
- 1
What specific techniques does Claudius use to turn Laertes from a grieving son into a willing assassin?
analysis • surface - 2
Why does Claudius create multiple backup plans (poisoned sword AND poisoned wine) instead of relying on just one method?
analysis • medium - 3
Where have you seen someone use another person's pain or anger to advance their own agenda?
application • medium - 4
How can you tell the difference between someone genuinely supporting you through grief and someone exploiting your vulnerability?
application • deep - 5
What does Ophelia's death reveal about the cost of being caught in other people's power games?
reflection • deep
Critical Thinking Exercise
Spot the Manipulation Playbook
Think of a time someone tried to influence your feelings about another person. Write down exactly what they said and did, step by step. Then identify which of Claudius's techniques they used: validating your feelings, building your ego, offering you a target, or providing a concrete plan for action.
Consider:
- •Notice if they immediately offered solutions rather than just listening
- •Pay attention to whether they kept bringing the topic back to your anger
- •Consider what they gained if you stayed upset with that person
Journaling Prompt
Write about a time when you realized someone was using your emotions to serve their own purposes. How did you recognize it, and what did you do about it?
Coming Up Next...
Chapter 20: Graves, Skulls, and Final Confrontations
In the next chapter, you'll discover different social classes view death and justice differently, and learn confronting mortality can clarify what truly matters to you. These insights reveal timeless patterns that resonate in our own lives and relationships.