Summary
Napoleon stands on the battlefield at Borodino, surrounded by the carnage his orders have created. For a brief, startling moment, the emperor who has built his identity on emotional detachment feels the full weight of human suffering. Twenty generals he knew personally are dead or wounded. His own body feels heavy and mortal. He experiences something he rarely allows himself: genuine human empathy for the pain he has caused. But this moment of clarity doesn't last. When an adjutant reports that Russian forces still hold their ground despite devastating artillery fire, Napoleon orders more bombardment, slipping back into his role as the great military leader. Tolstoy then reveals Napoleon's later writings from exile, where he completely rewrites history. In these self-serving accounts, the Russian campaign becomes a noble mission for European unity and peace. He minimizes French casualties while inflating Russian losses, painting himself as a visionary whose ideas were 'stolen' by lesser men. The chapter exposes how power corrupts not just through action, but through the stories we tell ourselves. Napoleon cannot face the reality of what he has done because it would shatter his entire sense of self. Instead, he retreats into elaborate justifications that transform mass death into noble sacrifice and personal ambition into humanitarian mission. Tolstoy suggests this isn't unique to Napoleon—it's a pattern of how people in power protect themselves from the full consequences of their choices.
Coming Up in Chapter 229
As Napoleon grapples with the aftermath of Borodino, the focus shifts to how this massive battle has affected both armies and the broader course of the war.
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An excerpt from the original text.(~500 words)
The terrible spectacle of the battlefield covered with dead and wounded, together with the heaviness of his head and the news that some twenty generals he knew personally had been killed or wounded, and the consciousness of the impotence of his once mighty arm, produced an unexpected impression on Napoleon who usually liked to look at the killed and wounded, thereby, he considered, testing his strength of mind. This day the horrible appearance of the battlefield overcame that strength of mind which he thought constituted his merit and his greatness. He rode hurriedly from the battlefield and returned to the Shevárdino knoll, where he sat on his campstool, his sallow face swollen and heavy, his eyes dim, his nose red, and his voice hoarse, involuntarily listening, with downcast eyes, to the sounds of firing. With painful dejection he awaited the end of this action, in which he regarded himself as a participant and which he was unable to arrest. A personal, human feeling for a brief moment got the better of the artificial phantasm of life he had served so long. He felt in his own person the sufferings and death he had witnessed on the battlefield. The heaviness of his head and chest reminded him of the possibility of suffering and death for himself. At that moment he did not desire Moscow, or victory, or glory (what need had he for any more glory?). The one thing he wished for was rest, tranquillity, and freedom. But when he had been on the Semënovsk heights the artillery commander had proposed to him to bring several batteries of artillery up to those heights to strengthen the fire on the Russian troops crowded in front of Knyazkóvo. Napoleon had assented and had given orders that news should be brought to him of the effect those batteries produced. An adjutant came now to inform him that the fire of two hundred guns had been concentrated on the Russians, as he had ordered, but that they still held their ground. “Our fire is mowing them down by rows, but still they hold on,” said the adjutant. “They want more!...” said Napoleon in a hoarse voice. “Sire?” asked the adjutant who had not heard the remark. “They want more!” croaked Napoleon frowning. “Let them have it!” Even before he gave that order the thing he did not desire, and for which he gave the order only because he thought it was expected of him, was being done. And he fell back into that artificial realm of imaginary greatness, and again—as a horse walking a treadmill thinks it is doing something for itself—he submissively fulfilled the cruel, sad, gloomy, and inhuman role predestined for him. And not for that day and hour alone were the mind and conscience darkened of this man on whom the responsibility for what was happening lay more than on all the others who took part in it. Never to the end of his life could he understand goodness, beauty, or truth,...
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Intelligence Amplifier™ Analysis
Why This Matters
Connect literature to life
This chapter teaches how to spot when someone is rewriting reality to protect their ego or reputation.
Practice This Today
This week, notice when politicians, bosses, or even friends explain away their mistakes by focusing on their good intentions rather than actual consequences.
Now let's explore the literary elements.
Terms to Know
Cognitive dissonance
The mental discomfort that occurs when someone's actions conflict with their beliefs or self-image. People often resolve this by changing their memories or justifying their behavior rather than admitting they were wrong.
Modern Usage:
Like when someone cuts you off in traffic then acts like you're the problem, or when politicians rewrite history to make their failures look like victories.
Historical revisionism
The practice of reinterpreting past events to serve current purposes, often by those in power. It's not just forgetting—it's actively rewriting what happened to protect one's reputation or justify actions.
Modern Usage:
Social media posts that conveniently leave out key details, or companies that rebrand their mistakes as 'learning opportunities' in annual reports.
Moral injury
The psychological damage that occurs when someone participates in or witnesses acts that violate their moral beliefs. It's different from trauma because it involves guilt and shame about one's own actions.
Modern Usage:
Healthcare workers forced to ration care, or employees asked to do things that go against their values to keep their jobs.
Compartmentalization
The mental process of separating conflicting beliefs or emotions into different 'boxes' to avoid dealing with contradictions. It allows people to function despite doing things that would normally upset them.
Modern Usage:
The boss who's ruthless at work but loving at home, or someone who cares about animals but eats factory-farmed meat.
Sunk cost fallacy
The tendency to continue a failing course of action because you've already invested so much time, money, or effort. People double down rather than admit their initial decision was wrong.
Modern Usage:
Staying in a bad relationship because you've been together so long, or continuing a degree program you hate because you're already halfway through.
Narcissistic injury
The psychological wound that occurs when someone's grandiose self-image is threatened by reality. The person often responds with rage, blame, or elaborate justifications rather than accepting criticism.
Modern Usage:
The manager who blames their team when projects fail, or the person who can never admit they're wrong and always has an excuse ready.
Characters in This Chapter
Napoleon
Tragic antagonist
Experiences a rare moment of genuine human empathy seeing the battlefield carnage, but quickly retreats back into his role as the great emperor. Later rewrites history in exile to avoid confronting the reality of his actions.
Modern Equivalent:
The CEO who briefly feels bad about layoffs but then spins it as 'rightsizing for efficiency'
Key Quotes & Analysis
"A personal, human feeling for a brief moment got the better of the artificial phantasm of life he had served so long."
Context: Napoleon momentarily breaks through his emotional armor while viewing the battlefield carnage
This reveals how people in power often live behind a constructed identity that protects them from feeling the full impact of their decisions. The 'artificial phantasm' is the role Napoleon has created to justify his actions.
In Today's Words:
For just a second, he stopped playing the part and felt like a regular human being who had done something terrible.
"At that moment he did not desire Moscow, or victory, or glory. The one thing he wished for was rest, tranquillity, and freedom."
Context: Napoleon's brief moment of clarity about what really matters when faced with mortality
This shows how the pursuit of power and status can become a prison. In his moment of vulnerability, Napoleon realizes that all his ambitions are empty compared to basic human needs for peace.
In Today's Words:
He didn't want to win anymore—he just wanted to go home and not have to pretend to be important.
"The Russian war should have been the most popular war of modern times: it was a war of good sense, for real interests, for the tranquillity and security of all."
Context: Napoleon's later justification of the disastrous Russian campaign
This shows how people rewrite history to protect their self-image. Napoleon transforms his failed invasion into a noble mission for peace, demonstrating how power corrupts not just through action but through self-deception.
In Today's Words:
I wasn't invading Russia for my own ego—I was bringing peace and stability to Europe!
Thematic Threads
Power
In This Chapter
Napoleon's power allows him to rewrite history, but also traps him in increasingly elaborate lies to protect his self-image
Development
Power has evolved from battlefield control to psychological control—over his own narrative and legacy
In Your Life:
You might see this when someone with authority at work refuses to admit mistakes and doubles down on bad decisions.
Identity
In This Chapter
Napoleon cannot face the reality of being a mass killer because it would destroy his identity as a visionary peacemaker
Development
Identity protection has become more important than truth or accountability
In Your Life:
You might protect your identity as a 'good person' by justifying harmful actions rather than changing them.
Truth
In This Chapter
Truth becomes malleable in Napoleon's hands—casualties are minimized, motives are purified, failures become others' fault
Development
Truth has shifted from objective reality to whatever protects the ego
In Your Life:
You might find yourself adjusting facts when telling stories to make yourself look better or avoid responsibility.
Empathy
In This Chapter
Napoleon experiences a brief moment of genuine empathy for his victims but quickly suppresses it to maintain his self-image
Development
Empathy appears as a threat to power rather than a guide for action
In Your Life:
You might shut down feelings of guilt or concern when they threaten your sense of being right or justified.
Consequences
In This Chapter
Napoleon rewrites his memoirs to avoid facing the true consequences of his actions—the human cost of his ambition
Development
Consequences are reframed as noble sacrifices or others' failures rather than personal responsibility
In Your Life:
You might blame external factors for problems you created rather than examining your own role in the outcome.
You now have the context. Time to form your own thoughts.
Discussion Questions
- 1
What does Napoleon experience when he looks at the battlefield, and how does he respond to this feeling?
analysis • surface - 2
Why does Napoleon's moment of empathy disappear so quickly when he orders more bombardment?
analysis • medium - 3
Where have you seen people in positions of power rewrite their own stories to avoid responsibility for negative outcomes?
application • medium - 4
How can someone maintain accountability for their decisions when it's emotionally easier to create justifications?
application • deep - 5
What does Napoleon's pattern of self-deception reveal about how power affects a person's relationship with truth?
reflection • deep
Critical Thinking Exercise
Rewrite Your Own Story
Think of a decision you made that had negative consequences for others. Write two versions: first, the story you might tell to make yourself look better, then the honest version acknowledging your full responsibility. Notice what changes between the two versions and what emotions come up as you write each one.
Consider:
- •Pay attention to which version feels more comfortable to write
- •Notice what language you use to minimize or justify in the first version
- •Consider how the honest version might help you make better decisions going forward
Journaling Prompt
Write about a time when you caught yourself creating a story to avoid facing the full impact of your choices. What would change if you committed to telling yourself the truth about your decisions?
Coming Up Next...
Chapter 229: The Hollow Victory at Borodinó
Moving forward, we'll examine moral victories can be more powerful than tactical ones, and understand momentum alone isn't enough to sustain a failing cause. These insights bridge the gap between classic literature and modern experience.