Summary
Montaigne cuts through the performative mourning of his era to examine what real devotion looks like. He's tired of watching widows who treated their husbands terribly suddenly become dramatic mourners at funerals—their grief is theater, not love. Instead, he shares three ancient stories of women who demonstrated authentic partnership. The first woman, seeing her husband's incurable illness, convinces him they should die together rather than endure prolonged suffering—and ties herself to him as they leap to their deaths. Arria, whose husband faces execution, follows him to prison in a fishing boat, then stabs herself first to show him death isn't painful, saying 'Paetus, it doesn't hurt' as she hands him the blade. Finally, Paulina insists on dying alongside her husband Seneca when Nero orders his execution, though she's ultimately saved against her will. These aren't stories about dramatic sacrifice—they're about people who built such deep partnerships that facing hardship together felt natural. Montaigne contrasts this with the shallow performances he sees around him, where people save their affection for funerals. Real love, he argues, shows up during ordinary Tuesday arguments and midnight illnesses, not just at deathbeds. The essay reveals how authentic relationships require daily choice and genuine care, not grand gestures that look good to outsiders.
Coming Up in Chapter 92
After examining extraordinary women, Montaigne turns his attention to the men history remembers as truly excellent. What makes someone genuinely great versus merely famous?
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An excerpt from the original text.(~500 words)
OF THREE GOOD WOMEN They are not by the dozen, as every one knows, and especially in the duties of marriage, for that is a bargain full of so many nice circumstances that ‘tis hard a woman’s will should long endure such a restraint; men, though their condition be something better under that tie, have yet enough to do. The true touch and test of a happy marriage have respect to the time of the companionship, if it has been constantly gentle, loyal, and agreeable. In our age, women commonly reserve the publication of their good offices, and their vehement affection towards their husbands, until they have lost them, or at least, till then defer the testimonies of their good will; a too slow testimony and unseasonable. By it they rather manifest that they never loved them till dead: their life is nothing but trouble; their death full of love and courtesy. As fathers conceal their affection from their children, women, likewise, conceal theirs from their husbands, to maintain a modest respect. This mystery is not for my palate; ‘tis to much purpose that they scratch themselves and tear their hair. I whisper in a waiting-woman’s or secretary’s ear: “How were they, how did they live together?” I always have that good saying m my head: “Jactantius moerent, quae minus dolent.” [“They make the most ado who are least concerned.” (Or:) “They mourn the more ostentatiously, the less they grieve.” --Tacitus, Annal., ii. 77, writing of Germanicus.] Their whimpering is offensive to the living and vain to the dead. We should willingly give them leave to laugh after we are dead, provided they will smile upon us whilst we are alive. Is it not enough to make a man revive in pure spite, that she, who spat in my face whilst I was in being, shall come to kiss my feet when I am no more? If there be any honour in lamenting a husband, it only appertains to those who smiled upon them whilst they had them; let those who wept during their lives laugh at their deaths, as well outwardly as within. Therefore, never regard those blubbered eyes and that pitiful voice; consider her deportment, her complexion, the plumpness of her cheeks under all those formal veils; ‘tis there she talks plain French. There are few who do not mend upon’t, and health is a quality that cannot lie. That starched and ceremonious countenance looks not so much back as forward, and is rather intended to get a new husband than to lament the old. When I was a boy, a very beautiful and virtuous lady, who is yet living, the widow of a prince, wore somewhat more ornament in her dress than our laws of widowhood allow, and being reproached with it, she made answer that it was because she was resolved to have no more love affairs, and would never marry again. I have here, not at all dissenting from our customs, made choice of three...
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Intelligence Amplifier™ Analysis
The Road of Performance vs. Partnership
People often perform devotion publicly while failing to practice it privately in daily life.
Why This Matters
Connect literature to life
This chapter teaches how to distinguish between people who perform caring for social credit versus those who practice caring consistently.
Practice This Today
This week, notice when someone's support feels like a performance—does their care increase when others are watching, or does it show up quietly when no one's looking?
Now let's explore the literary elements.
Terms to Know
Performative mourning
Public displays of grief that are more about appearing devoted than actual sorrow. Montaigne observes widows who were terrible wives suddenly becoming dramatic mourners at funerals. It's grief as theater rather than genuine emotion.
Modern Usage:
We see this in social media posts where people share elaborate tributes to people they barely spoke to in life, or ex-partners suddenly posting memories after a breakup.
Stoic partnership
A relationship built on shared principles and mutual support through hardship, exemplified by couples who face death together rather than abandon each other. These partnerships prioritize loyalty and shared fate over individual survival.
Modern Usage:
Modern couples who refuse to leave each other during serious illness, or partners who face bankruptcy or legal troubles as a team rather than cutting and running.
Conjugal duty
The expected behaviors and obligations within marriage, which Montaigne notes are difficult to maintain consistently. He suggests that true marital success is measured by daily companionship, not grand gestures.
Modern Usage:
The everyday work of marriage - showing up for mundane conversations, sharing household responsibilities, and choosing your partner repeatedly through ordinary moments.
Ancient exempla
Stories from classical history used to illustrate moral points or human behavior. Montaigne uses three tales of devoted wives to contrast with the shallow mourning he observes in his own time.
Modern Usage:
Like sharing stories of couples who stayed together through hardship to make a point about what real commitment looks like, or using historical examples to call out modern behavior.
Modest respect
The social expectation that wives should hide their affection for their husbands during marriage, only expressing it publicly after death. Montaigne finds this custom ridiculous and counterproductive.
Modern Usage:
People who never say 'I love you' or show appreciation until it's too late, or cultures where expressing affection is seen as weakness or impropriety.
Voluntary death
Choosing to die alongside a loved one rather than live without them, seen in ancient times as the ultimate expression of devotion. Montaigne presents this as authentic love in action.
Modern Usage:
Elderly couples where one spouse dies shortly after the other, or people who refuse life-extending treatment to stay close to their partner's timeline.
Characters in This Chapter
The unnamed woman (first story)
Devoted wife
Convinces her incurably ill husband they should die together rather than endure prolonged suffering. She ties herself to him as they leap to their deaths, showing partnership even in the final moment.
Modern Equivalent:
The spouse who refuses to put their partner in a nursing home and insists on caring for them at home until the end
Arria
Stoic wife
Follows her condemned husband to prison in disguise, then stabs herself first to demonstrate that death isn't painful, telling him 'Paetus, it doesn't hurt' as she hands him the blade.
Modern Equivalent:
The wife who goes to every court hearing and visits prison daily, showing her husband how to face consequences with dignity
Paetus
Condemned husband
Arria's husband who faces execution and needs encouragement to die with honor. His wife's sacrifice gives him the courage to follow through with his own death.
Modern Equivalent:
The spouse who's falling apart during a crisis and needs their partner's strength to get through it
Paulina
Seneca's wife
Insists on dying alongside her husband Seneca when Nero orders his execution, though she's ultimately saved against her will. Represents the desire for shared fate even when prevented.
Modern Equivalent:
The spouse who wants to face bankruptcy or disgrace together rather than divorce to protect their own reputation
The performative widows
Social critics' target
Contemporary women who treated their husbands poorly during marriage but become dramatic mourners at funerals. Montaigne uses them to contrast authentic versus theatrical devotion.
Modern Equivalent:
The ex who posts elaborate social media tributes after someone dies, despite treating them terribly when they were alive
Key Quotes & Analysis
"The true touch and test of a happy marriage have respect to the time of the companionship, if it has been constantly gentle, loyal, and agreeable."
Context: Montaigne defines what makes a successful marriage versus performative displays
This cuts through romantic nonsense to focus on daily reality. Montaigne argues that marriages are measured by how people treat each other during ordinary moments, not by grand gestures or dramatic displays after death.
In Today's Words:
A good marriage is about how you treat each other on random Tuesday nights, not how much you cry at the funeral.
"They make the most ado who are least concerned."
Context: Explaining why the loudest mourners are often the least genuine
This ancient observation about human nature remains painfully accurate. People who genuinely grieve often do so quietly, while those seeking attention or covering guilt make the biggest public displays.
In Today's Words:
The people making the biggest scene usually cared the least when it actually mattered.
"Paetus, it doesn't hurt."
Context: Arria's final words as she hands the blade to her husband after stabbing herself first
This moment captures the essence of true partnership - taking on pain first to spare your loved one fear. It's not about dying together, but about one person being willing to face the unknown first to make it easier for their partner.
In Today's Words:
Don't worry honey, we can handle this together - I'll go first.
Thematic Threads
Authentic Relationships
In This Chapter
Montaigne contrasts performative mourning with women who lived genuine partnerships, choosing death together over separation
Development
Building on earlier chapters about self-knowledge, now applied to how we love others
In Your Life:
You might recognize this in relationships where grand gestures mask daily neglect or indifference
Social Performance
In This Chapter
Widows who mistreated husbands become dramatic mourners, performing grief for social approval
Development
Extends Montaigne's critique of social pretense into intimate relationships
In Your Life:
You see this when people's public displays of affection don't match their private treatment of loved ones
Daily Choice
In This Chapter
Real devotion shows up in ordinary moments and difficult decisions, not just dramatic gestures
Development
Reinforces Montaigne's emphasis on consistent self-examination over grand declarations
In Your Life:
You experience this in choosing patience during mundane frustrations rather than saving kindness for crises
Class and Expectations
In This Chapter
Montaigne critiques the performative mourning rituals of his social class as hollow theater
Development
Continues his pattern of questioning upper-class social conventions
In Your Life:
You might notice pressure to perform grief or devotion according to social expectations rather than genuine feeling
You now have the context. Time to form your own thoughts.
Discussion Questions
- 1
What's the difference between how the dramatic mourning widows behaved during their marriages versus at their husbands' funerals?
analysis • surface - 2
Why does Montaigne think the ancient women's choice to die with their husbands shows more genuine love than elaborate funeral performances?
analysis • medium - 3
Where do you see people performing devotion for public approval rather than showing up consistently in private moments?
application • medium - 4
How can you tell the difference between someone who genuinely cares about you versus someone who's performing care for social validation?
application • deep - 5
What does this essay reveal about why humans are drawn to dramatic gestures over daily consistency in relationships?
reflection • deep
Critical Thinking Exercise
Performance vs Partnership Audit
Think about your closest relationships—family, friends, romantic partner, even work relationships. For each one, write down one example of when you showed up consistently in an ordinary moment versus one time you made a grand gesture or public display of care. Notice which felt more natural and which got more outside recognition.
Consider:
- •Grand gestures often feel easier because they have clear start and end points
- •Daily consistency requires no audience and gets little recognition
- •The people closest to you probably remember your ordinary kindnesses more than your dramatic moments
Journaling Prompt
Write about a time when someone showed you love through consistent small actions rather than big gestures. How did that feel different from someone who was dramatic about their care for you?
Coming Up Next...
Chapter 92: Three Greatest Men in History
The coming pages reveal to evaluate greatness beyond surface achievements, and teach us character matters more than conquest in lasting legacy. These discoveries help us navigate similar situations in our own lives.