Summary
Montaigne explores a fundamental question: what makes an action right or wrong? Through historical examples, he shows how people try to game the system of morality by timing their actions around death. King Henry VII promised not to harm an enemy, then immediately ordered his execution after dying. Count Egmont wanted to die first to release himself from a promise that put his friend in danger. Others wait until their deathbeds to confess wrongs or return stolen goods. Montaigne argues these people are missing the point entirely. What matters isn't the technical loophole or perfect timing—it's the intention behind the action. We can only control our will and our choices, not always the outcomes. The mason who kept his master's secret perfectly during life but revealed it at death was no more honorable than someone who betrayed it immediately. Real integrity means your private intentions match your public actions while you're alive to be held accountable. Montaigne declares he'll live so openly that his death reveals nothing his life hasn't already shown. This isn't about moral perfectionism—it's about authentic living. When we hide our true intentions behind timing, technicalities, or deathbed confessions, we're fooling ourselves more than anyone else.
Coming Up in Chapter 8
After exploring the weight of our intentions, Montaigne turns to examine what happens when we have no intentions at all—the surprising dangers and unexpected discoveries that come with idleness.
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An excerpt from the original text.(~500 words)
THAT THE INTENTION IS JUDGE OF OUR ACTIONS ‘Tis a saying, “That death discharges us of all our obligations.” I know some who have taken it in another sense. Henry VII., King of England, articled with Don Philip, son to Maximilian the emperor, or (to place him more honourably) father to the Emperor Charles V., that the said Philip should deliver up the Duke of Suffolk of the White Rose, his enemy, who was fled into the Low Countries, into his hands; which Philip accordingly did, but upon condition, nevertheless, that Henry should attempt nothing against the life of the said Duke; but coming to die, the king in his last will commanded his son to put him to death immediately after his decease. And lately, in the tragedy that the Duke of Alva presented to us in the persons of the Counts Horn and Egmont at Brussels, --[Decapitated 4th June 1568]--there were very remarkable passages, and one amongst the rest, that Count Egmont (upon the security of whose word and faith Count Horn had come and surrendered himself to the Duke of Alva) earnestly entreated that he might first mount the scaffold, to the end that death might disengage him from the obligation he had passed to the other. In which case, methinks, death did not acquit the former of his promise, and that the second was discharged from it without dying. We cannot be bound beyond what we are able to perform, by reason that effect and performance are not at all in our power, and that, indeed, we are masters of nothing but the will, in which, by necessity, all the rules and whole duty of mankind are founded and established: therefore Count Egmont, conceiving his soul and will indebted to his promise, although he had not the power to make it good, had doubtless been absolved of his duty, even though he had outlived the other; but the King of England wilfully and premeditately breaking his faith, was no more to be excused for deferring the execution of his infidelity till after his death than the mason in Herodotus, who having inviolably, during the time of his life, kept the secret of the treasure of the King of Egypt, his master, at his death discovered it to his children.--[Herod., ii. 121.] I have taken notice of several in my time, who, convicted by their consciences of unjustly detaining the goods of another, have endeavoured to make amends by their will, and after their decease; but they had as good do nothing, as either in taking so much time in so pressing an affair, or in going about to remedy a wrong with so little dissatisfaction or injury to themselves. They owe, over and above, something of their own; and by how much their payment is more strict and incommodious to themselves, by so much is their restitution more just meritorious. Penitency requires penalty; but they yet do worse than these, who reserve the animosity against their...
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Intelligence Amplifier™ Analysis
The Road of Moral Loopholes - When Good People Game the System
Using technicalities and timing to avoid the true spirit of ethical commitments while maintaining the appearance of righteousness.
Why This Matters
Connect literature to life
This chapter teaches you to recognize when people use technicalities and timing to avoid genuine accountability for their choices.
Practice This Today
This week, notice when someone follows rules in ways that violate the spirit of what they promised - then check if you're doing the same thing.
Now let's explore the literary elements.
Terms to Know
Deathbed confession
The practice of revealing secrets, admitting wrongs, or making amends only when dying. People think death somehow makes their confession more meaningful or absolves them of responsibility.
Modern Usage:
We see this when people wait until they're terminally ill to apologize for decades of bad behavior, thinking it counts more because they're dying.
Technical loophole
Finding a way around rules or promises by exploiting exact wording rather than following the spirit of the agreement. It's being technically correct while morally wrong.
Modern Usage:
Like when companies fire workers one day before they qualify for benefits, or politicians claim they didn't lie because they used careful wording.
Moral intention
What you actually mean to do, not just what you end up doing. Montaigne argues your true intentions matter more than perfect outcomes or clever timing.
Modern Usage:
It's the difference between helping someone because you care versus helping them to look good on social media.
Honor code
An unwritten system where your word is your bond, and breaking promises destroys your reputation. In Montaigne's time, this was literally life and death.
Modern Usage:
We still have this in smaller ways - being known as someone whose word means something, or losing trust when you constantly flake on commitments.
Authentic living
Living so that your private thoughts and public actions align. No secret shame, no hidden agendas - just being the same person whether anyone's watching or not.
Modern Usage:
It's being genuine on social media instead of performing a fake perfect life, or treating service workers the same way you treat your boss.
Moral gaming
Trying to manipulate ethical rules like they're a video game - finding cheats, exploiting glitches, or timing actions to avoid consequences.
Modern Usage:
Like people who are horrible all year but volunteer at Christmas, or those who apologize only when they get caught.
Characters in This Chapter
Henry VII
Moral manipulator
The English king who promised not to harm an enemy, then immediately ordered his execution after his own death. He thought he could keep his word technically while still getting revenge.
Modern Equivalent:
The boss who promises job security then leaves a note for their replacement to fire everyone
Count Egmont
Honor-bound noble
A man whose word convinced his friend to surrender, then wanted to die first to release himself from the obligation when both were condemned. He understood honor but tried to game it.
Modern Equivalent:
The friend who vouches for someone's character then tries to distance themselves when things go wrong
Count Horn
Trusting victim
Surrendered himself based on Egmont's word and faith, only to find himself condemned alongside his guarantor. He represents the cost of trusting others' promises.
Modern Equivalent:
The person who cosigns a loan based on a friend's promise, then gets stuck with the debt
Duke of Alva
Ruthless authority
The Spanish commander who orchestrated the execution of both counts, showing how power can override personal honor and promises between individuals.
Modern Equivalent:
The corporate executive who fires longtime employees despite previous managers' promises of job security
Key Quotes & Analysis
"That death discharges us of all our obligations."
Context: Montaigne opens by citing this popular belief that death somehow cancels all your promises and debts.
This quote sets up the entire chapter's argument. Montaigne will show how people use this idea to justify bad behavior, waiting until death to confess or trying to time their actions around dying to avoid moral responsibility.
In Today's Words:
People think dying gets them off the hook for everything they've done wrong.
"We cannot be bound beyond what we are able to perform."
Context: He's explaining the limits of human obligation and moral responsibility.
This is Montaigne's key insight - we're only responsible for what we can actually control, which is our intentions and efforts, not always the outcomes. It's both freeing and demanding.
In Today's Words:
You can only be held responsible for what's actually within your power to do.
"The intention is judge of our actions."
Context: This is the chapter's title and central thesis about moral judgment.
Montaigne argues that what makes an action right or wrong isn't the perfect outcome or clever timing, but the genuine intention behind it. This cuts through all the moral gaming people try to do.
In Today's Words:
What you really meant to do matters more than how things turned out.
Thematic Threads
Integrity
In This Chapter
Montaigne argues that real integrity means your private intentions match your public actions while alive to be accountable
Development
Introduced here - establishes integrity as internal consistency rather than external performance
In Your Life:
You might recognize this when you catch yourself looking for ways to technically keep promises while avoiding their real purpose.
Self-Deception
In This Chapter
People convince themselves that gaming moral systems makes them clever rather than dishonest
Development
Introduced here - shows how we lie to ourselves about our true motivations
In Your Life:
You might see this when you find elaborate justifications for doing what you wanted to do anyway.
Social Expectations
In This Chapter
Characters try to appear honorable while pursuing selfish goals through deathbed confessions and technical compliance
Development
Introduced here - reveals how people manipulate social approval systems
In Your Life:
You might notice this when you're more concerned with looking good than being good.
Personal Responsibility
In This Chapter
Montaigne emphasizes we can only control our will and choices, not always outcomes
Development
Introduced here - establishes focus on internal accountability over external results
In Your Life:
You might apply this when you're tempted to blame circumstances for choices you made freely.
Authentic Living
In This Chapter
Montaigne declares he'll live so openly that his death reveals nothing his life hasn't already shown
Development
Introduced here - presents transparency as the antidote to moral gaming
In Your Life:
You might recognize this when you realize you're hiding parts of yourself that don't align with your values.
You now have the context. Time to form your own thoughts.
Discussion Questions
- 1
What examples does Montaigne give of people trying to time their moral actions around death, and what was each person trying to accomplish?
analysis • surface - 2
Why does Montaigne argue that these deathbed confessions and last-minute promises don't actually make someone more moral?
analysis • medium - 3
Where do you see people in your workplace or family looking for technical loopholes to avoid real accountability?
application • medium - 4
How would you handle a situation where someone keeps their promise to you technically but violates the spirit of what they agreed to do?
application • deep - 5
What does this pattern of moral gaming reveal about why people struggle to trust each other in relationships and at work?
reflection • deep
Critical Thinking Exercise
Spot the Loophole Pattern
Think of three recent situations where someone technically did what they promised but left you feeling frustrated or betrayed. For each situation, identify what they did right on paper versus what they avoided in spirit. Then flip it: identify one area where you might be doing the same thing to others.
Consider:
- •Focus on the gap between technical compliance and genuine intention
- •Look for patterns in timing - are they waiting until the last possible moment?
- •Notice if they're more concerned with being able to say they kept their word than with actual outcomes
Journaling Prompt
Write about a time when you found yourself looking for a loophole in a commitment you made. What were you really trying to avoid, and how did it affect your relationship with that person?
Coming Up Next...
Chapter 8: When Your Mind Runs Wild
What lies ahead teaches us an idle mind creates more chaos than a busy one, and shows us retirement or free time can unleash unexpected mental turbulence. These patterns appear in literature and life alike.