An excerpt from the original text.(complete · 595 words)
THAT THE INTENTION IS JUDGE OF OUR ACTIONS
‘Tis a saying, “That death discharges us of all our obligations.” I know
some who have taken it in another sense. Henry VII., King of England,
articled with Don Philip, son to Maximilian the emperor, or (to place him
more honourably) father to the Emperor Charles V., that the said Philip
should deliver up the Duke of Suffolk of the White Rose, his enemy, who
was fled into the Low Countries, into his hands; which Philip accordingly
did, but upon condition, nevertheless, that Henry should attempt nothing
against the life of the said Duke; but coming to die, the king in his
last will commanded his son to put him to death immediately after his
decease. And lately, in the tragedy that the Duke of Alva presented to
us in the persons of the Counts Horn and Egmont at Brussels,
--[Decapitated 4th June 1568]--there were very remarkable passages, and
one amongst the rest, that Count Egmont (upon the security of whose word
and faith Count Horn had come and surrendered himself to the Duke of
Alva) earnestly entreated that he might first mount the scaffold, to the
end that death might disengage him from the obligation he had passed to
the other. In which case, methinks, death did not acquit the former of
his promise, and that the second was discharged from it without dying.
We cannot be bound beyond what we are able to perform, by reason that
effect and performance are not at all in our power, and that, indeed, we
are masters of nothing but the will, in which, by necessity, all the
rules and whole duty of mankind are founded and established: therefore
Count Egmont, conceiving his soul and will indebted to his promise,
although he had not the power to make it good, had doubtless been
absolved of his duty, even though he had outlived the other; but the King
of England wilfully and premeditately breaking his faith, was no more to
be excused for deferring the execution of his infidelity till after his
death than the mason in Herodotus, who having inviolably, during the time
of his life, kept the secret of the treasure of the King of Egypt, his
master, at his death discovered it to his children.--[Herod., ii. 121.]
I have taken notice of several in my time, who, convicted by their
consciences of unjustly detaining the goods of another, have endeavoured
to make amends by their will, and after their decease; but they had as
good do nothing, as either in taking so much time in so pressing an
affair, or in going about to remedy a wrong with so little
dissatisfaction or injury to themselves. They owe, over and above,
something of their own; and by how much their payment is more strict and
incommodious to themselves, by so much is their restitution more just
meritorious. Penitency requires penalty; but they yet do worse than
these, who reserve the animosity against their neighbour to the last
gasp, having concealed it during their life; wherein they manifest little
regard of their own honour, irritating the party offended in their
memory; and less to their the power, even out of to make their malice die
with them, but extending the life of their hatred even beyond their own.
Unjust judges, who defer judgment to a time wherein they can have no
knowledge of the cause! For my part, I shall take care, if I can, that
my death discover nothing that my life has not first and openly declared.
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Let's Analyse the Pattern
Using technicalities and timing to avoid the true spirit of ethical commitments while maintaining the appearance of righteousness.
Why This Matters
Connect literature to life
This chapter teaches you to recognize when people use technicalities and timing to avoid genuine accountability for their choices.
Practice This Today
This week, notice when someone follows rules in ways that violate the spirit of what they promised - then check if you're doing the same thing.
Now let's explore the literary elements.
Key Quotes & Analysis
"That death discharges us of all our obligations."
Context: Montaigne opens by citing this popular belief that death somehow cancels all your promises and debts.
This quote sets up the entire chapter's argument. Montaigne will show how people use this idea to justify bad behavior, waiting until death to confess or trying to time their actions around dying to avoid moral responsibility.
In Today's Words:
People think dying gets them off the hook for everything they've done wrong.
"We cannot be bound beyond what we are able to perform."
Context: He's explaining the limits of human obligation and moral responsibility.
This is Montaigne's key insight - we're only responsible for what we can actually control, which is our intentions and efforts, not always the outcomes. It's both freeing and demanding.
In Today's Words:
You can only be held responsible for what's actually within your power to do.
"The intention is judge of our actions."
Context: This is the chapter's title and central thesis about moral judgment.
Montaigne argues that what makes an action right or wrong isn't the perfect outcome or clever timing, but the genuine intention behind it. This cuts through all the moral gaming people try to do.
In Today's Words:
What you really meant to do matters more than how things turned out.
Thematic Threads
Integrity
In This Chapter
Montaigne argues that real integrity means your private intentions match your public actions while alive to be accountable
Development
Introduced here - establishes integrity as internal consistency rather than external performance
In Your Life:
You might recognize this when you catch yourself looking for ways to technically keep promises while avoiding their real purpose.
Self-Deception
In This Chapter
People convince themselves that gaming moral systems makes them clever rather than dishonest
Development
Introduced here - shows how we lie to ourselves about our true motivations
In Your Life:
You might see this when you find elaborate justifications for doing what you wanted to do anyway.
Social Expectations
In This Chapter
Characters try to appear honorable while pursuing selfish goals through deathbed confessions and technical compliance
Development
Introduced here - reveals how people manipulate social approval systems
In Your Life:
You might notice this when you're more concerned with looking good than being good.
Personal Responsibility
In This Chapter
Montaigne emphasizes we can only control our will and choices, not always outcomes
Development
Introduced here - establishes focus on internal accountability over external results
In Your Life:
You might apply this when you're tempted to blame circumstances for choices you made freely.
Authentic Living
In This Chapter
Montaigne declares he'll live so openly that his death reveals nothing his life hasn't already shown
Development
Introduced here - presents transparency as the antidote to moral gaming
In Your Life:
You might recognize this when you realize you're hiding parts of yourself that don't align with your values.
You now have the context. Time to form your own thoughts.
Discussion Questions
- 1
What examples does Montaigne give of people trying to time their moral actions around death, and what was each person trying to accomplish?
analysis • surface - 2
Why does Montaigne argue that these deathbed confessions and last-minute promises don't actually make someone more moral?
analysis • medium - 3
Where do you see people in your workplace or family looking for technical loopholes to avoid real accountability?
application • medium - 4
How would you handle a situation where someone keeps their promise to you technically but violates the spirit of what they agreed to do?
application • deep - 5
What does this pattern of moral gaming reveal about why people struggle to trust each other in relationships and at work?
reflection • deep
Critical Thinking Exercise
Spot the Loophole Pattern
Think of three recent situations where someone technically did what they promised but left you feeling frustrated or betrayed. For each situation, identify what they did right on paper versus what they avoided in spirit. Then flip it: identify one area where you might be doing the same thing to others.
Consider:
- •Focus on the gap between technical compliance and genuine intention
- •Look for patterns in timing - are they waiting until the last possible moment?
- •Notice if they're more concerned with being able to say they kept their word than with actual outcomes
Journaling Prompt
Write about a time when you found yourself looking for a loophole in a commitment you made. What were you really trying to avoid, and how did it affect your relationship with that person?
Coming Up Next...
Chapter 8: When Your Mind Runs Wild
After exploring the weight of our intentions, Montaigne turns to examine what happens when we have no intentions at all—the surprising dangers and unexpected discoveries that come with idleness.
