Summary
Montaigne challenges the common belief that courage means never backing down. True constancy, he argues, isn't about standing rigid like a statue—it's about intelligently navigating unavoidable hardships while protecting yourself from preventable ones. He shares military examples where strategic retreat led to victory, like the Scythians who wore down Darius by refusing direct confrontation, and the Spartans who feigned retreat to break enemy formations. The essay distinguishes between rational fear responses and character flaws. When Montaigne admits he jumps at sudden gunfire, he's not confessing weakness—he's illustrating how even brave people have natural startle responses. The key difference lies in recovery: a wise person feels the fear but doesn't let it corrupt their judgment or dictate their actions. Using Stoic philosophy, Montaigne shows how a strong mind can experience emotional turbulence on the surface while maintaining steady judgment underneath. This isn't about suppressing feelings but about not letting temporary emotions drive permanent decisions. The chapter offers a nuanced view of courage that's both more realistic and more practical than rigid heroic ideals. It validates normal human responses while teaching readers to separate automatic reactions from conscious choices—a skill crucial for anyone facing workplace conflicts, family pressures, or personal challenges where knowing when to stand firm versus when to step back can mean the difference between wisdom and foolishness.
Coming Up in Chapter 13
Next, Montaigne turns to the elaborate rituals of power, examining how princes and dignitaries perform their authority through ceremony. He'll reveal what these formal dances of status really accomplish—and what they cost the performers.
Share it with friends
An excerpt from the original text.(~500 words)
OF CONSTANCY The law of resolution and constancy does not imply that we ought not, as much as in us lies, to decline and secure ourselves from the mischiefs and inconveniences that threaten us; nor, consequently, that we shall not fear lest they should surprise us: on the contrary, all decent and honest ways and means of securing ourselves from harms, are not only permitted, but, moreover, commendable, and the business of constancy chiefly is, bravely to stand to, and stoutly to suffer those inconveniences which are not possibly to be avoided. So that there is no supple motion of body, nor any movement in the handling of arms, how irregular or ungraceful soever, that we need condemn, if they serve to protect us from the blow that is made against us. Several very warlike nations have made use of a retreating and flying way of fight as a thing of singular advantage, and, by so doing, have made their backs more dangerous to their enemies than their faces. Of which kind of fighting the Turks still retain something in their practice of arms; and Socrates, in Plato, laughs at Laches, who had defined fortitude to be a standing firm in the ranks against the enemy. “What!” says he, “would it, then, be a reputed cowardice to overcome them by giving ground?” urging, at the same time, the authority of Homer, who commends in AEneas the science of flight. And whereas Laches, considering better of it, admits the practice as to the Scythians, and, in general, all cavalry whatever, he again attacks him with the example of the Lacedaemonian foot--a nation of all other the most obstinate in maintaining their ground--who, in the battle of Plataea, not being able to break into the Persian phalanx, bethought themselves to disperse and retire, that by the enemy supposing they fled, they might break and disunite that vast body of men in the pursuit, and by that stratagem obtained the victory. As for the Scythians, ‘tis said of them, that when Darius went his expedition to subdue them, he sent, by a herald, highly to reproach their king, that he always retired before him and declined a battle; to which Idanthyrses,--[Herod., iv. 127.]--for that was his name, returned answer, that it was not for fear of him, or of any man living, that he did so, but that it was the way of marching in practice with his nation, who had neither tilled fields, cities, nor houses to defend, or to fear the enemy should make any advantage of but that if he had such a stomach to fight, let him but come to view their ancient places of sepulture, and there he should have his fill. Nevertheless, as to cannon-shot, when a body of men are drawn up in the face of a train of artillery, as the occasion of war often requires, it is unhandsome to quit their post to avoid the danger, forasmuch as by reason of its violence and...
Master this chapter. Complete your experience
Purchase the complete book to access all chapters and support classic literature
As an Amazon Associate, we earn a small commission from qualifying purchases at no additional cost to you.
Available in paperback, hardcover, and e-book formats
Intelligence Amplifier™ Analysis
The Road of Strategic Flexibility
True strength lies in knowing when to stand firm and when to bend, choosing tactics based on long-term success rather than short-term ego protection.
Why This Matters
Connect literature to life
This chapter teaches how to separate emotional impulses from strategic thinking, showing when to stand firm versus when to adapt.
Practice This Today
This week, notice when your first instinct is to dig in your heels—ask yourself if this battle serves your long-term interests or just your immediate ego.
Now let's explore the literary elements.
Terms to Know
Constancy
In Montaigne's time, this meant unwavering firmness in the face of adversity. But Montaigne redefines it as intelligent flexibility - knowing when to stand firm and when to adapt strategically.
Modern Usage:
We see this in successful people who stick to their values but adjust their tactics based on circumstances.
Stoic Philosophy
An ancient Greek school of thought that taught emotional resilience through accepting what you can't control while focusing on what you can. Montaigne draws on this to explain how wise people handle fear and setbacks.
Modern Usage:
This shows up in modern therapy techniques that teach separating feelings from actions, like cognitive behavioral therapy.
Strategic Retreat
A military tactic where armies deliberately withdraw not from cowardice, but to gain a better position or wear down the enemy. Montaigne uses this to challenge ideas about what courage really looks like.
Modern Usage:
We see this when people leave toxic jobs to find better opportunities, or when negotiators walk away to get better terms.
Natural Startle Response
The automatic physical reactions humans have to sudden threats - jumping at loud noises, flinching from movement. Montaigne argues these don't indicate character weakness, just normal human wiring.
Modern Usage:
This validates why people might feel anxious during job interviews or medical procedures - it's biology, not personal failing.
Scythian Tactics
A historical military strategy where nomadic warriors avoided direct confrontation, instead using hit-and-run attacks and strategic withdrawal to exhaust stronger enemies like the Persian Empire.
Modern Usage:
This appears in modern guerrilla warfare and in workplace situations where people avoid direct confrontation but achieve their goals through persistence and timing.
Surface Turbulence vs. Deep Judgment
Montaigne's metaphor for how a person can experience emotional reactions on the surface while maintaining steady decision-making ability underneath, like a ship in rough seas with a stable compass.
Modern Usage:
This describes people who feel stressed or upset but still make good choices - like parents who stay calm during their kids' tantrums.
Characters in This Chapter
Socrates
Philosophical mentor
Appears in Plato's dialogue challenging conventional definitions of courage. He questions whether standing firm in battle is always brave, suggesting that strategic retreat can be wiser than stubborn resistance.
Modern Equivalent:
The experienced coworker who questions 'that's how we've always done it'
Laches
Traditional thinker
A character from Plato's dialogue who initially defines courage as standing firm against enemies. He represents conventional thinking about bravery that Montaigne wants to challenge and refine.
Modern Equivalent:
The person who thinks 'real men don't back down' or 'quitting is always failure'
Homer
Literary authority
The ancient Greek poet whose epic poems provided examples of heroic behavior. Montaigne cites Homer's praise of strategic flight to show that even classical heroes knew when to retreat.
Modern Equivalent:
The respected expert whose work people quote to support their arguments
Aeneas
Strategic hero
The Trojan hero from classical literature who Homer praised for knowing 'the science of flight' - understanding when retreat was the wisest course of action rather than pointless heroic stands.
Modern Equivalent:
The smart manager who knows when to cut losses and regroup rather than throwing good money after bad
The Turks
Military example
Contemporary warriors in Montaigne's time who used retreating tactics effectively in battle, making their strategic withdrawals more dangerous to enemies than direct confrontation.
Modern Equivalent:
The successful business that pivots quickly when market conditions change
Key Quotes & Analysis
"The law of resolution and constancy does not imply that we ought not, as much as in us lies, to decline and secure ourselves from the mischiefs and inconveniences that threaten us"
Context: Montaigne opens by challenging the common belief that true strength means never avoiding danger
This quote reframes courage from blind stubbornness to intelligent self-protection. Montaigne argues that real strength includes knowing when to step back and protect yourself from preventable harm.
In Today's Words:
Being strong doesn't mean you have to take every hit - smart people avoid problems they can avoid
"Several very warlike nations have made use of a retreating and flying way of fight as a thing of singular advantage, and have made their backs more dangerous to their enemies than their faces"
Context: Montaigne provides historical examples of successful military retreats
This challenges the idea that retreat equals weakness by showing how strategic withdrawal can be more effective than direct confrontation. It validates tactical thinking over macho posturing.
In Today's Words:
Some of the toughest fighters win by backing up at the right time - sometimes running away is the smartest move
"What! would it, then, be a reputed cowardice to overcome them by giving ground?"
Context: Socrates questions Laches' rigid definition of courage in Plato's dialogue
This rhetorical question exposes the flaw in thinking that courage always looks the same. It suggests that winning through strategic retreat shows more wisdom than losing through stubborn resistance.
In Today's Words:
Wait - you're calling it cowardice to win by stepping back? That doesn't make sense
Thematic Threads
Social Expectations
In This Chapter
Montaigne challenges society's rigid definition of courage as never backing down or showing fear
Development
Building on earlier themes of questioning conventional wisdom about how people should behave
In Your Life:
You might feel pressure to appear strong in situations where admitting uncertainty would actually be wiser
Personal Growth
In This Chapter
Growth comes from learning to separate natural human responses from character flaws
Development
Continues Montaigne's theme of self-acceptance while still striving for improvement
In Your Life:
You can acknowledge your fears and limitations without seeing them as personal failures
Identity
In This Chapter
Montaigne shows how true identity remains constant even when tactics change
Development
Deepens earlier exploration of authentic self versus social performance
In Your Life:
You can adapt your approach to different situations without compromising who you are
Human Relationships
In This Chapter
Strategic retreat and flexibility strengthen rather than weaken relationships
Development
Introduced here as counterpoint to rigid social expectations
In Your Life:
Your relationships might improve when you choose cooperation over always being right
You now have the context. Time to form your own thoughts.
Discussion Questions
- 1
What examples does Montaigne give of situations where backing down or retreating actually led to victory?
analysis • surface - 2
Why does Montaigne think there's a difference between having a natural fear response and being a coward?
analysis • medium - 3
Think about your workplace or family situations. Where do you see people confusing stubbornness with strength?
application • medium - 4
Describe a time when you had to choose between standing your ground and stepping back strategically. How did you decide, and what happened?
application • deep - 5
What does Montaigne's view of courage teach us about the difference between our automatic reactions and our conscious choices?
reflection • deep
Critical Thinking Exercise
Map Your Battle Choices
Think of three current conflicts or challenges in your life - at work, home, or in relationships. For each one, write down whether you're currently approaching it with rigid resistance or strategic flexibility. Then identify what you're really trying to protect or achieve in each situation.
Consider:
- •Ask yourself: Is this about my ego or my actual interests?
- •Consider: What would stepping back strategically look like here?
- •Evaluate: Which battles are worth fighting and which are distractions?
Journaling Prompt
Write about a time when you stayed rigid in a situation where flexibility would have served you better. What were you afraid would happen if you bent? Looking back, what would you do differently now?
Coming Up Next...
Chapter 13: The Art of Social Protocol
What lies ahead teaches us to balance respect for social customs with personal authenticity, and shows us understanding etiquette opens doors even when you choose to break rules. These patterns appear in literature and life alike.