Summary
This chapter reveals Jane Fairfax's backstory and Emma's complicated feelings about her. Jane is an orphan who was rescued from poverty by Colonel Campbell, a friend of her deceased father. The Campbells gave her an excellent education, but now at 21, she must work as a governess to support herself—a fate she views as social death. Emma initially feels compassion when she learns Jane's story and sees her beauty and accomplishments. But these charitable feelings quickly fade when Jane visits Hartfield. Emma becomes irritated by Jane's reserved manner and suspects she's hiding something about her time in Weymouth with the Dixons and Frank Churchill. Emma's dislike stems partly from recognizing that Jane truly possesses the elegance and accomplishments Emma only pretends to have. The chapter explores themes of social mobility, the precarious position of educated but poor women, and how our insecurities shape our judgments of others. Jane represents what Emma fears most—being truly accomplished but lacking the financial security to enjoy it. Emma's shifting emotions reveal her own shallow nature and the way she projects her fears onto others. The mystery surrounding Jane's reserved behavior about Weymouth and Frank Churchill suggests hidden complications that will likely surface later.
Coming Up in Chapter 21
Emma's curiosity about Jane's secrets grows stronger, and the mystery of what really happened in Weymouth begins to take shape. Meanwhile, the long-awaited Frank Churchill may finally make his appearance in Highbury.
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An excerpt from the original text.(~500 words)
Jane Fairfax was an orphan, the only child of Mrs. Bates’s youngest daughter. The marriage of Lieut. Fairfax of the ——regiment of infantry, and Miss Jane Bates, had had its day of fame and pleasure, hope and interest; but nothing now remained of it, save the melancholy remembrance of him dying in action abroad—of his widow sinking under consumption and grief soon afterwards—and this girl. By birth she belonged to Highbury: and when at three years old, on losing her mother, she became the property, the charge, the consolation, the foundling of her grandmother and aunt, there had seemed every probability of her being permanently fixed there; of her being taught only what very limited means could command, and growing up with no advantages of connexion or improvement, to be engrafted on what nature had given her in a pleasing person, good understanding, and warm-hearted, well-meaning relations. But the compassionate feelings of a friend of her father gave a change to her destiny. This was Colonel Campbell, who had very highly regarded Fairfax, as an excellent officer and most deserving young man; and farther, had been indebted to him for such attentions, during a severe camp-fever, as he believed had saved his life. These were claims which he did not learn to overlook, though some years passed away from the death of poor Fairfax, before his own return to England put any thing in his power. When he did return, he sought out the child and took notice of her. He was a married man, with only one living child, a girl, about Jane’s age: and Jane became their guest, paying them long visits and growing a favourite with all; and before she was nine years old, his daughter’s great fondness for her, and his own wish of being a real friend, united to produce an offer from Colonel Campbell of undertaking the whole charge of her education. It was accepted; and from that period Jane had belonged to Colonel Campbell’s family, and had lived with them entirely, only visiting her grandmother from time to time. The plan was that she should be brought up for educating others; the very few hundred pounds which she inherited from her father making independence impossible. To provide for her otherwise was out of Colonel Campbell’s power; for though his income, by pay and appointments, was handsome, his fortune was moderate and must be all his daughter’s; but, by giving her an education, he hoped to be supplying the means of respectable subsistence hereafter. Such was Jane Fairfax’s history. She had fallen into good hands, known nothing but kindness from the Campbells, and been given an excellent education. Living constantly with right-minded and well-informed people, her heart and understanding had received every advantage of discipline and culture; and Colonel Campbell’s residence being in London, every lighter talent had been done full justice to, by the attendance of first-rate masters. Her disposition and abilities were equally worthy of all that friendship could do; and at...
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Intelligence Amplifier™ Analysis
The Road of Defensive Dislike - When Insecurity Masquerades as Judgment
We manufacture moral objections to people who possess qualities we fear we lack, disguising our insecurity as righteous judgment.
Why This Matters
Connect literature to life
This chapter teaches how to recognize when our criticism of others is really about our own fears and limitations.
Practice This Today
This week, notice when you suddenly dislike someone you initially respected—ask yourself what they have that you want or what their success says about your choices.
Now let's explore the literary elements.
Terms to Know
Governess
A live-in teacher for wealthy families' children, usually an educated woman from a poor background. It was one of the few 'respectable' jobs for ladies, but meant social isolation—too educated for servants, too poor for the family.
Modern Usage:
Like being a nanny with a college degree—you're around wealth but can't really participate in it.
Consumption
Tuberculosis, a deadly lung disease that was common in Austen's time. It often killed slowly, which is why Jane's mother 'sank under' it after her husband's death.
Modern Usage:
Before antibiotics, this was like getting a cancer diagnosis—usually a death sentence that gave you time to suffer.
Accomplishments
Skills wealthy women were expected to have—playing piano, speaking French, drawing, singing. These were status symbols that showed you had money and leisure time to learn 'useless' but elegant skills.
Modern Usage:
Like having the latest iPhone, designer clothes, or knowing wine—things that signal you have money and class.
Connexions
Social networks and family relationships that could help advance your position in society. Without good connexions, even talented people stayed stuck in lower classes.
Modern Usage:
It's still 'who you know, not what you know'—having the right contacts opens doors that talent alone can't.
Reserved manner
Being polite but not sharing personal thoughts or feelings. In Austen's world, this could mean someone was hiding something, or just protecting themselves from gossip.
Modern Usage:
That coworker who's pleasant but never shares anything personal—you can't tell if they're private or sketchy.
Social death
When someone falls so far in social status that their old friends and society no longer accept them. For educated women, becoming a governess meant this kind of social exile.
Modern Usage:
Like when someone successful has to move back in with their parents or take a minimum-wage job—people treat them differently.
Characters in This Chapter
Jane Fairfax
The accomplished rival
An orphan who received an excellent education but now faces working as a governess. Her beauty and real accomplishments make Emma feel threatened and insecure about her own abilities.
Modern Equivalent:
The naturally gifted coworker who makes everyone else look average
Emma Woodhouse
The insecure protagonist
Feels initial sympathy for Jane but quickly turns critical when Jane's real talents make her uncomfortable. Her changing emotions reveal her shallow nature and fear of being outshone.
Modern Equivalent:
The popular girl who gets jealous when someone prettier shows up
Colonel Campbell
The grateful benefactor
Rescued Jane from poverty out of loyalty to her dead father, who had saved his life. Represents how personal connections could change someone's entire destiny in this era.
Modern Equivalent:
The mentor who gives someone a scholarship or job opportunity out of loyalty
Mrs. Bates
The poor grandmother
Jane's grandmother who would have raised her in poverty if not for Colonel Campbell's intervention. Shows how quickly families could fall from respectability to hardship.
Modern Equivalent:
The grandparent struggling to raise grandkids on a fixed income
Frank Churchill
The mysterious connection
Connected to Jane through their time in Weymouth, but the exact nature of their relationship is unclear. Emma suspects Jane is hiding something about him.
Modern Equivalent:
That guy from someone's past that they won't talk about
Key Quotes & Analysis
"The marriage of Lieut. Fairfax of the ——regiment of infantry, and Miss Jane Bates, had had its day of fame and pleasure, hope and interest; but nothing now remained of it, save the melancholy remembrance of him dying in action abroad—of his widow sinking under consumption and grief soon afterwards—and this girl."
Context: Opening description of Jane's tragic family history
Shows how quickly a family's fortune can change from happiness to tragedy. Jane is literally all that remains of what was once a hopeful love story, emphasizing how precarious life was for women without independent means.
In Today's Words:
Her parents had this great love story, but now they're both dead and she's all that's left of their happiness.
"With the fortitude of a devoted novitiate, she had resolved at one-and-twenty to complete the sacrifice, and retire from all the pleasures of life, of rational intercourse, equal society, peace and hope, to penance and mortification for ever."
Context: Describing how Jane views her future as a governess
Jane sees becoming a governess as like becoming a nun—giving up all joy and social connection forever. The religious language shows how she views this as a kind of living death, not just a job.
In Today's Words:
At 21, she was ready to give up any chance at a normal, happy life and basically become a social outcast forever.
"Emma could not forgive her; but as neither provocation nor resentment were discerned by Mr. Knightley, who had been of the party, and had seen only proper attention and pleasing behaviour on each side, he was expressing the next morning, being at Hartfield again on business with Mr. Woodhouse, his approbation of the whole."
Context: After Emma becomes irritated with Jane during a social visit
Shows Emma's irrationality—she can't forgive Jane for being accomplished and reserved, even though Jane did nothing wrong. Mr. Knightley's different perspective highlights Emma's unfairness.
In Today's Words:
Emma was mad at Jane for basically no reason, but since Jane was actually being perfectly nice, nobody else saw the problem.
Thematic Threads
Class
In This Chapter
Jane's education without wealth creates impossible social position—too refined for working class, too poor for leisure class
Development
Deepens from earlier class observations—shows how education without money creates new form of social limbo
In Your Life:
You might feel this tension when your education or skills don't match your economic reality, leaving you between worlds.
Identity
In This Chapter
Emma's self-image as accomplished lady threatened by Jane's genuine refinement, forcing defensive reaction
Development
Continues Emma's identity struggles—now showing how external threats trigger internal defenses
In Your Life:
You might feel defensive when someone else's competence makes you question your own abilities or reputation.
Social Expectations
In This Chapter
Jane faces 'social death' as governess despite her accomplishments—education means nothing without independent wealth
Development
Expands on rigid social roles—shows how even exceptional merit can't overcome class barriers
In Your Life:
You might feel trapped by others' expectations about what your background 'should' limit you to achieving.
Human Relationships
In This Chapter
Emma's compassion turns to suspicion based entirely on her own insecurities, not Jane's actual behavior
Development
Builds on relationship patterns—shows how internal fears poison external connections
In Your Life:
You might find yourself suddenly critical of friends who achieve things you wanted but haven't accomplished.
Personal Growth
In This Chapter
Emma's inability to examine her own motives keeps her trapped in cycles of judgment and misunderstanding
Development
Continues growth theme—demonstrates how self-awareness gaps prevent emotional development
In Your Life:
You might stay stuck in negative patterns when you focus on others' flaws instead of examining your own reactions.
You now have the context. Time to form your own thoughts.
Discussion Questions
- 1
Why does Emma's attitude toward Jane Fairfax change so dramatically between hearing her story and meeting her in person?
analysis • surface - 2
What does Jane represent that threatens Emma's sense of herself, and how does Emma's brain protect her from feeling inadequate?
analysis • medium - 3
Think about someone you initially liked but then found reasons to dislike. What might that person have possessed that you wanted or feared you lacked?
application • medium - 4
When you notice yourself suddenly becoming critical of someone you previously respected, what steps could you take to figure out if it's really about them or about your own insecurities?
application • deep - 5
What does Emma's reaction to Jane teach us about how our own fears and limitations shape the way we judge others?
reflection • deep
Critical Thinking Exercise
Map Your Recognition Traps
Think of three people who irritate you or whom you've found yourself criticizing lately. For each person, write down what they do or have that bothers you. Then ask yourself: 'What does this person possess that I wish I had?' or 'What does their behavior say about my own choices?' Look for patterns in your answers.
Consider:
- •Your irritation might be information about where you want to grow
- •The stronger your negative reaction, the more likely it's about your own fears
- •Recognizing the pattern doesn't mean you have to like everyone, just understand your reactions
Journaling Prompt
Write about a time when you realized your dislike of someone was really about your own insecurities. How did that recognition change your relationship with that person or with yourself?
Coming Up Next...
Chapter 21: News and Uncomfortable Encounters
As the story unfolds, you'll explore to handle awkward social encounters with grace and dignity, while uncovering people's reactions to news reveal their true feelings and priorities. These lessons connect the classic to contemporary challenges we all face.