Summary
John Barsad, a government spy, infiltrates the Defarges' wine shop to gather intelligence on revolutionary activities in Saint Antoine. Madame Defarge immediately recognizes him from the detailed description she received earlier and signals the other customers to leave by placing a rose in her hair. During their tense conversation, Barsad tries to extract information about local sentiment regarding Gaspard's execution and probes about the Manette family. The Defarges give away nothing, responding with careful neutrality. However, Barsad delivers shocking news: Lucie Manette is engaged to marry Charles Darnay, who is actually the nephew of the murdered Marquis. This revelation deeply troubles Defarge, as it means someone they care about is connected to their sworn enemy. Madame Defarge remains unmoved, coldly noting that both Darnay and Barsad are now recorded in her knitting register of those marked for death. The chapter reveals the extensive surveillance network operating on both sides of the conflict, while highlighting Madame Defarge's role as both record-keeper and missionary of vengeance. Her evening rounds through the neighborhood, spreading information among the knitting women, demonstrate how revolutionary intelligence flows through seemingly innocent domestic activities. The chapter's final image of women knitting in the darkness foreshadows the coming violence, as their needles count out the names of those destined for the guillotine.
Coming Up in Chapter 23
The web of surveillance tightens as both sides gather intelligence, while personal loyalties collide with revolutionary justice. A single night will bring unexpected revelations that change everything.
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An excerpt from the original text.(~500 words)
Still Knitting Madame Defarge and monsieur her husband returned amicably to the bosom of Saint Antoine, while a speck in a blue cap toiled through the darkness, and through the dust, and down the weary miles of avenue by the wayside, slowly tending towards that point of the compass where the chateau of Monsieur the Marquis, now in his grave, listened to the whispering trees. Such ample leisure had the stone faces, now, for listening to the trees and to the fountain, that the few village scarecrows who, in their quest for herbs to eat and fragments of dead stick to burn, strayed within sight of the great stone courtyard and terrace staircase, had it borne in upon their starved fancy that the expression of the faces was altered. A rumour just lived in the village--had a faint and bare existence there, as its people had--that when the knife struck home, the faces changed, from faces of pride to faces of anger and pain; also, that when that dangling figure was hauled up forty feet above the fountain, they changed again, and bore a cruel look of being avenged, which they would henceforth bear for ever. In the stone face over the great window of the bed-chamber where the murder was done, two fine dints were pointed out in the sculptured nose, which everybody recognised, and which nobody had seen of old; and on the scarce occasions when two or three ragged peasants emerged from the crowd to take a hurried peep at Monsieur the Marquis petrified, a skinny finger would not have pointed to it for a minute, before they all started away among the moss and leaves, like the more fortunate hares who could find a living there. Chateau and hut, stone face and dangling figure, the red stain on the stone floor, and the pure water in the village well--thousands of acres of land--a whole province of France--all France itself--lay under the night sky, concentrated into a faint hair-breadth line. So does a whole world, with all its greatnesses and littlenesses, lie in a twinkling star. And as mere human knowledge can split a ray of light and analyse the manner of its composition, so, sublimer intelligences may read in the feeble shining of this earth of ours, every thought and act, every vice and virtue, of every responsible creature on it. The Defarges, husband and wife, came lumbering under the starlight, in their public vehicle, to that gate of Paris whereunto their journey naturally tended. There was the usual stoppage at the barrier guardhouse, and the usual lanterns came glancing forth for the usual examination and inquiry. Monsieur Defarge alighted; knowing one or two of the soldiery there, and one of the police. The latter he was intimate with, and affectionately embraced. When Saint Antoine had again enfolded the Defarges in his dusky wings, and they, having finally alighted near the Saint’s boundaries, were picking their way on foot through the black mud and offal of...
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Intelligence Amplifier™ Analysis
The Information War - When Everyone's Watching Everyone
When stakes are high, information becomes currency and everyone simultaneously spies and performs, believing they're gathering intelligence while unknowingly revealing it.
Why This Matters
Connect literature to life
This chapter teaches how to recognize when you're in an environment where information is currency and everyone is both spy and target.
Practice This Today
This week, notice when conversations feel like fishing expeditions—when someone asks seemingly innocent questions but keeps steering toward specific topics.
Now let's explore the literary elements.
Terms to Know
Government spy
A person secretly employed by the government to gather information on citizens, especially those suspected of disloyalty or rebellion. In revolutionary times, spies infiltrated communities to identify threats to the regime.
Modern Usage:
We see this in undercover cops, FBI informants in activist groups, or even corporate spies gathering competitor intelligence.
Signal system
A secret method of communication used to warn allies of danger without alerting enemies. Madame Defarge uses a rose in her hair to signal customers to leave when the spy arrives.
Modern Usage:
Like texting a friend in code when you're in an uncomfortable situation, or having a safe word with your kids.
Revolutionary network
An organized system of people working together to overthrow the current government. Information flows through trusted connections, often disguised as normal social activities.
Modern Usage:
Similar to how grassroots movements organize today through social media, neighborhood groups, or union networks.
Double identity
When someone hides their true background or allegiances. Charles Darnay has concealed that he's the nephew of the hated Marquis, creating a conflict between his personal relationships and political reality.
Modern Usage:
Like someone hiding their wealthy background when working with low-income communities, or not mentioning family connections that might cause problems.
Intelligence gathering
The process of collecting information about enemies or opponents through careful questioning and observation. Both sides in the revolution use spies to learn each other's plans.
Modern Usage:
Happens in office politics when people fish for information, or when parents try to figure out what their teenagers are really up to.
Knitting register
Madame Defarge's method of recording names of enemies in her knitting patterns. Each stitch represents someone marked for death, creating a coded death list disguised as domestic work.
Modern Usage:
Like keeping a mental list of people who've wronged you, or maintaining detailed records of workplace grievances for future reference.
Characters in This Chapter
John Barsad
Government spy
A professional informant who infiltrates the wine shop to gather intelligence on revolutionary activities. He tries to extract information through casual conversation but reveals more than he learns when he tells them about Lucie's engagement.
Modern Equivalent:
The coworker who asks too many personal questions and reports back to management
Madame Defarge
Revolutionary leader
Immediately recognizes the spy and smoothly manages the dangerous situation while protecting her network. She remains coldly focused on vengeance, unmoved by personal connections when they conflict with revolutionary justice.
Modern Equivalent:
The neighborhood watch captain who knows everyone's business and never forgets a slight
Ernest Defarge
Revolutionary supporter
Shows more emotional conflict than his wife when learning that Lucie is engaged to their enemy's nephew. His humanity creates tension with the revolution's demands for absolute justice.
Modern Equivalent:
The union member who struggles when strike actions might hurt people he personally likes
Charles Darnay
Conflicted nobleman
Though not present in the scene, his hidden identity as the Marquis's nephew creates the chapter's central crisis. His engagement to Lucie puts him directly in the revolutionaries' crosshairs.
Modern Equivalent:
The person whose family wealth or connections become a liability in their current social circle
Key Quotes & Analysis
"It is a pity, too, that she ever married him."
Context: After learning that Lucie is engaged to Charles Darnay, the Marquis's nephew
This reveals Madame Defarge's cold calculation - she sees Lucie's love as an inconvenience to revolutionary justice. Personal relationships don't matter when weighed against the cause.
In Today's Words:
Too bad she got mixed up with him - now she's going to get hurt too.
"The knitting women count One."
Context: Describing how Madame Defarge records names in her knitting
This chilling image shows how death sentences are woven into everyday domestic activities. The counting suggests methodical, inevitable justice rather than passionate revenge.
In Today's Words:
She's keeping score, and your number just came up.
"We have not related to you the circumstances of the Marquis's death."
Context: Responding carefully to the spy's probing questions about local sentiment
Defarge's cautious response shows the deadly chess game between revolutionaries and government agents. Every word must be measured to avoid giving away information while appearing cooperative.
In Today's Words:
We're not telling you anything about what happened to that guy.
Thematic Threads
Surveillance
In This Chapter
Both government spy Barsad and revolutionary Madame Defarge operate extensive intelligence networks, each believing they're outsmarting the other
Development
Introduced here as organized system rather than individual paranoia
In Your Life:
You see this when office politics heat up and everyone's suddenly very interested in your weekend plans and career goals.
Identity
In This Chapter
Charles Darnay's true identity as the Marquis's nephew creates a devastating conflict between personal relationships and political loyalties
Development
Builds on earlier revelations about hidden connections between characters
In Your Life:
You experience this when someone you care about turns out to be connected to people or systems that have hurt you.
Class
In This Chapter
The aristocratic bloodline automatically marks Darnay for death regardless of his personal choices or character
Development
Deepens from economic differences to hereditary guilt and collective punishment
In Your Life:
You face this when people judge you based on where you came from rather than who you've become.
Loyalty
In This Chapter
Defarge struggles between personal affection for the Manettes and revolutionary duty to destroy aristocrats
Development
Evolves from simple political commitment to painful personal conflicts
In Your Life:
You feel this when supporting a friend means going against your principles or group loyalties.
Record-keeping
In This Chapter
Madame Defarge's knitting register transforms domestic activity into systematic documentation of enemies
Development
Introduced here as methodical preparation for future violence
In Your Life:
You do this when you keep mental or actual lists of who's wronged you, planning eventual payback.
You now have the context. Time to form your own thoughts.
Discussion Questions
- 1
What signals does Madame Defarge use to communicate danger to her customers, and how do they respond?
analysis • surface - 2
Why does the news about Lucie's engagement affect Defarge differently than it affects his wife?
analysis • medium - 3
Where have you seen people use 'innocent' activities like knitting, texting, or casual conversation to share sensitive information?
application • medium - 4
If you were in a situation where everyone was gathering information about everyone else, what strategies would you use to protect yourself?
application • deep - 5
What does this chapter reveal about how people behave when they feel powerless but want to regain control?
reflection • deep
Critical Thinking Exercise
Map Your Information Network
Think about a tense situation in your life where people were watching each other carefully—maybe a workplace conflict, family drama, or neighborhood dispute. Draw a simple map showing who was gathering information from whom, what signals people were sending, and what everyone was really trying to find out.
Consider:
- •Notice who had the most information versus who had the most power
- •Identify what people said versus what they actually meant
- •Consider how seemingly innocent activities carried hidden messages
Journaling Prompt
Write about a time when you realized someone was gathering information about you. How did you figure it out, and how did you respond? What would you do differently now?
Coming Up Next...
Chapter 23: Father and Daughter's Final Night
What lies ahead teaches us to have difficult conversations about the past without letting it overshadow the present, and shows us sharing your fears and vulnerabilities can actually strengthen relationships. These patterns appear in literature and life alike.