Summary
The revolutionary network finally shows its face. In Defarge's wine shop, tension builds as men gather not to drink but to whisper and plan. When Defarge returns with a road mender who witnessed the capture and execution of the man who killed the Marquis, we see how the revolution operates through a cell system - each member known only as 'Jacques' with a number. The road mender's gruesome testimony about the prisoner's torture and public execution serves multiple purposes: it feeds the revolutionaries' hunger for revenge while documenting the aristocracy's cruelty. Most chilling is the revelation that Madame Defarge has been knitting a register of enemies marked for death, encoding names and crimes in her stitches - a method so personal and unbreakable that it becomes the revolution's memory itself. The chapter's climax comes at Versailles, where Defarge deliberately exposes the simple road mender to the King and Queen's splendor. The man's genuine tears of joy at seeing royalty aren't naive patriotism - they're part of Defarge's strategy. By letting the aristocrats see this 'harmless' devotion, the revolutionaries lull their enemies into false security. Madame Defarge's final metaphor is devastating: when the time comes to destroy the aristocracy, the people will naturally target the richest and most decorated, just as they would pick the finest dolls or birds with the most beautiful feathers. This chapter reveals how revolutions build through careful organization, strategic deception, and the methodical cataloging of grievances.
Coming Up in Chapter 22
The knitting continues as Madame Defarge's register grows longer, and the revolutionary network prepares for the storm that will soon break over France. The threads of conspiracy tighten around those marked for destruction.
Share it with friends
An excerpt from the original text.(~500 words)
Knitting There had been earlier drinking than usual in the wine-shop of Monsieur Defarge. As early as six o’clock in the morning, sallow faces peeping through its barred windows had descried other faces within, bending over measures of wine. Monsieur Defarge sold a very thin wine at the best of times, but it would seem to have been an unusually thin wine that he sold at this time. A sour wine, moreover, or a souring, for its influence on the mood of those who drank it was to make them gloomy. No vivacious Bacchanalian flame leaped out of the pressed grape of Monsieur Defarge: but, a smouldering fire that burnt in the dark, lay hidden in the dregs of it. This had been the third morning in succession, on which there had been early drinking at the wine-shop of Monsieur Defarge. It had begun on Monday, and here was Wednesday come. There had been more of early brooding than drinking; for, many men had listened and whispered and slunk about there from the time of the opening of the door, who could not have laid a piece of money on the counter to save their souls. These were to the full as interested in the place, however, as if they could have commanded whole barrels of wine; and they glided from seat to seat, and from corner to corner, swallowing talk in lieu of drink, with greedy looks. Notwithstanding an unusual flow of company, the master of the wine-shop was not visible. He was not missed; for, nobody who crossed the threshold looked for him, nobody asked for him, nobody wondered to see only Madame Defarge in her seat, presiding over the distribution of wine, with a bowl of battered small coins before her, as much defaced and beaten out of their original impress as the small coinage of humanity from whose ragged pockets they had come. A suspended interest and a prevalent absence of mind, were perhaps observed by the spies who looked in at the wine-shop, as they looked in at every place, high and low, from the king’s palace to the criminal’s gaol. Games at cards languished, players at dominoes musingly built towers with them, drinkers drew figures on the tables with spilt drops of wine, Madame Defarge herself picked out the pattern on her sleeve with her toothpick, and saw and heard something inaudible and invisible a long way off. Thus, Saint Antoine in this vinous feature of his, until midday. It was high noontide, when two dusty men passed through his streets and under his swinging lamps: of whom, one was Monsieur Defarge: the other a mender of roads in a blue cap. All adust and athirst, the two entered the wine-shop. Their arrival had lighted a kind of fire in the breast of Saint Antoine, fast spreading as they came along, which stirred and flickered in flames of faces at most doors and windows. Yet, no one had followed them, and no man spoke...
Master this chapter. Complete your experience
Purchase the complete book to access all chapters and support classic literature
As an Amazon Associate, we earn a small commission from qualifying purchases at no additional cost to you.
Available in paperback, hardcover, and e-book formats
Intelligence Amplifier™ Analysis
The Documentation Game - How Power Structures Keep Score
Oppressed groups develop invisible record-keeping methods that look harmless to those in power but actually build cases for accountability or resistance.
Why This Matters
Connect literature to life
This chapter reveals how oppressed groups create informal record-keeping systems that look harmless to those in power.
Practice This Today
This week, notice when coworkers, neighbors, or family members keep detailed records of seemingly small things - they might be building a case for change.
Now let's explore the literary elements.
Terms to Know
Revolutionary cell
A small, secret group of people working toward revolution, where members only know a few others to prevent the whole network from being exposed if someone gets caught. Each person has a code name or number instead of using real names.
Modern Usage:
We see this structure in modern activist groups, gangs, and even corporate whistleblower networks where people use code names and limited contact to protect the larger organization.
Jacques
The code name used by all the revolutionaries in Defarge's network - they're numbered Jacques One, Jacques Two, etc. It's like a revolutionary uniform that hides their real identities while showing they're all part of the same cause.
Modern Usage:
Similar to how online activists use handles like 'Anonymous' or how gang members might all use the same tag to show unity while hiding individual identity.
Register of enemies
Madame Defarge's knitting pattern that secretly records the names and crimes of people marked for death during the revolution. It's a hit list disguised as innocent domestic work that no one would suspect or be able to decode.
Modern Usage:
Like keeping receipts on people who've wronged you, or how some people maintain mental lists of workplace enemies - except this one was literally life and death.
Strategic deception
Deliberately showing your enemies what they want to see to make them feel safe while you plan their destruction. The revolutionaries let the aristocrats see 'loyal' peasants to hide their true intentions.
Modern Usage:
Like staying friendly with a toxic boss while you job hunt, or letting bullies think you're harmless while you document their behavior for HR.
Bacchanalian
Wild, drunken celebration like the ancient Roman festivals for Bacchus, the god of wine. Dickens contrasts this joyful drinking with the dark, angry mood in Defarge's wine shop.
Modern Usage:
We still use this to describe any wild party or celebration, especially ones involving lots of drinking - like calling a college party 'bacchanalian.'
Public execution as spectacle
Making someone's death into entertainment for the masses, designed both to punish the criminal and terrorize potential rebels. The road mender describes how crowds gathered to watch the prisoner's torture and death.
Modern Usage:
We see echoes in how social media can turn someone's downfall into public entertainment, or how certain news coverage treats scandals like a show for viewers.
Characters in This Chapter
Monsieur Defarge
Revolutionary leader
Runs the wine shop that serves as revolutionary headquarters and orchestrates the strategic exposure of the road mender to the royal family. He's building a careful network while maintaining the appearance of a simple shopkeeper.
Modern Equivalent:
The union organizer who runs meetings in the back room while serving customers up front
Madame Defarge
Revolutionary strategist
Reveals herself as the revolution's record-keeper, knitting the names and crimes of enemies into her work. Her calm, methodical approach to cataloging targets makes her more terrifying than any angry mob leader.
Modern Equivalent:
The quiet coworker who remembers every slight and documents everything while appearing to mind her own business
The road mender
Witness and unwitting tool
Provides gruesome testimony about the execution he witnessed, then is used by Defarge to gauge the royal family's security and complacency. His genuine emotions serve the revolution's purposes without him fully understanding the game.
Modern Equivalent:
The person who innocently shares information on social media that others use for their own agenda
The Jacques
Revolutionary network members
Show how the revolution operates through anonymous, numbered members who can communicate and plan without exposing the whole organization. They represent the faceless anger of the oppressed masses organizing into action.
Modern Equivalent:
Members of an online activist group who coordinate through encrypted chats using handles instead of real names
Key Quotes & Analysis
"It was nothing to her, that an innocent man was to die for the sins of his forefathers; she saw, not him, but them."
Context: Describing Madame Defarge's mindset as she knits and plans revenge
This reveals how revolution can become so focused on past wrongs that it loses sight of individual humanity. Madame Defarge no longer sees people as individuals but as representatives of the class that oppressed her.
In Today's Words:
She didn't care if good people got hurt - all she could see were the ones who had hurt her first.
"The time will come when all these things will be answered for."
Context: Speaking to the Jacques about the aristocracy's crimes
Shows the methodical, patient nature of the brewing revolution. This isn't random violence but calculated justice in their minds - they're keeping score and planning payback.
In Today's Words:
Everyone's going to get what's coming to them eventually.
"Vengeance and retribution require a long time; it is the rule."
Context: Explaining her patient approach to revolution
Reveals that true revenge isn't impulsive but strategic. Madame Defarge understands that lasting change requires careful planning and perfect timing, not just anger.
In Today's Words:
Real payback takes time to do it right - that's just how it works.
Thematic Threads
Class
In This Chapter
The aristocrats see the road mender's tears of joy as proof of natural hierarchy, missing the strategic performance underneath
Development
Evolved from earlier economic inequality to active class warfare preparation
In Your Life:
You might recognize this when wealthy people mistake your politeness for acceptance of unfair treatment
Identity
In This Chapter
The Jacques system creates revolutionary identities that override individual names and histories
Development
Expanded from personal identity struggles to collective identity formation
In Your Life:
You see this in any group that uses code names or insider language to build solidarity
Deception
In This Chapter
Defarge deliberately exposes the road mender to royal splendor to maintain the revolutionaries' cover
Development
Introduced here as strategic deception rather than personal dishonesty
In Your Life:
You might use this when you need to appear non-threatening while documenting workplace problems
Memory
In This Chapter
Madame Defarge's knitting becomes the revolution's unbreakable memory system
Development
Introduced here as collective memory preservation
In Your Life:
You create your own 'knitting' when you keep private records of important conversations or events
Power
In This Chapter
The revolutionaries gain power through organization while appearing powerless to their enemies
Development
Shifted from aristocratic power display to underground power building
In Your Life:
You see this when seemingly powerless groups coordinate action through informal networks
You now have the context. Time to form your own thoughts.
Discussion Questions
- 1
What system does Madame Defarge use to keep track of enemies, and why is this method particularly clever?
analysis • surface - 2
Why does Defarge deliberately show the road mender the splendor of Versailles, knowing the man will react with genuine joy?
analysis • medium - 3
Where do you see people today keeping their own 'knitting records' - documenting problems in ways that look harmless to those in power?
application • medium - 4
If you needed to document workplace problems or neighborhood issues safely, what would be your 'knitting code'?
application • deep - 5
What does this chapter reveal about how power blinds people to threats they consider beneath their notice?
reflection • deep
Critical Thinking Exercise
Design Your Documentation System
Think of a situation where you might need to keep track of problems or injustices - workplace issues, landlord problems, family dynamics, or community concerns. Design your own 'knitting code' system for documenting what happens in a way that looks innocent but creates an unbreakable record. Consider what information you'd track, how you'd disguise it, and where you'd store it safely.
Consider:
- •What would make your system look harmless to others while remaining useful to you?
- •How would you ensure your records are accessible to you but not to those who might use them against you?
- •What patterns or codes could you use that would be meaningful to you but meaningless to outsiders?
Journaling Prompt
Write about a time when you wish you had kept better records of a situation. What would have been different if you had documented what was happening as it unfolded?
Coming Up Next...
Chapter 22: The Spy in the Wine Shop
The coming pages reveal to recognize when someone is gathering information about you, and teach us the power of patience and long-term planning over immediate action. These discoveries help us navigate similar situations in our own lives.