Summary
We meet Ebenezer Scrooge on Christmas Eve, seven years after his business partner Jacob Marley died. Scrooge has become the embodiment of cold selfishness - he pays his clerk Bob Cratchit barely enough to survive, refuses his nephew's dinner invitation, and turns away charity collectors asking for help for the poor. Scrooge sees Christmas as 'humbug' and believes the poor should rely on prisons and workhouses rather than charity. After dismissing everyone's attempts at human connection, Scrooge returns to his lonely chambers. There, he encounters the ghost of Jacob Marley, wrapped in heavy chains made of cash boxes, keys, and ledgers. Marley reveals that these chains represent the spiritual burden of a life spent focused only on business and money, ignoring the welfare of fellow human beings. He warns Scrooge that he's forging an even heavier chain for himself. Marley explains that spirits must wander the earth, witnessing suffering they could have prevented in life but now cannot help. As his final act of friendship, Marley arranges for three spirits to visit Scrooge over the next three nights, offering him a chance to escape Marley's fate. The chapter ends with Scrooge seeing other chained spirits outside his window, all tormented by their inability to help the living.
Coming Up in Chapter 2
The first spirit arrives to take Scrooge on a journey into his own past, where he'll confront the choices that transformed him from a hopeful young man into the bitter miser he's become.
Share it with friends
An excerpt from the original text.(~500 words)
STAVE ONE [Illustration] MARLEY'S GHOST Marley was dead, to begin with. There is no doubt whatever about that. The register of his burial was signed by the clergyman, the clerk, the undertaker, and the chief mourner. Scrooge signed it. And Scrooge's name was good upon 'Change for anything he chose to put his hand to. Old Marley was as dead as a door-nail. Mind! I don't mean to say that I know of my own knowledge, what there is particularly dead about a door-nail. I might have been inclined, myself, to regard a coffin-nail as the deadest piece of ironmongery in the trade. But the wisdom of our ancestors is in the simile; and my unhallowed hands shall not disturb it, or the country's done for. You will, therefore, permit me to repeat, emphatically, that Marley was as dead as a door-nail. Scrooge knew he was dead? Of course he did. How could it be otherwise? Scrooge and he were partners for I don't know how many years. Scrooge was his sole executor, his sole administrator, his sole assign, his sole residuary legatee, his sole friend, and sole mourner. And even Scrooge was not so dreadfully cut up by the sad event but that he was an excellent man of business on the very day of the funeral, and solemnised it with an undoubted bargain. The mention of Marley's funeral brings me back to the point I started from. There is no doubt that Marley was dead. This must be distinctly understood, or nothing wonderful can come of the story I am going to relate. If we were not perfectly convinced that Hamlet's father died before the play began, there would be nothing more remarkable in his taking a stroll at night, in an easterly wind, upon his own ramparts, than there would be in any other middle-aged gentleman rashly turning out after dark in a breezy spot--say St. Paul's Churchyard, for instance--literally to astonish his son's weak mind. Scrooge never painted out Old Marley's name. There it stood, years afterwards, above the warehouse door: Scrooge and Marley. The firm was known as Scrooge and Marley. Sometimes people new to the business called Scrooge Scrooge, and sometimes Marley, but he answered to both names. It was all the same to him. Oh! but he was a tight-fisted hand at the grindstone, Scrooge! a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous old sinner! Hard and sharp as flint, from which no steel had ever struck out generous fire; secret, and self-contained, and solitary as an oyster. The cold within him froze his old features, nipped his pointed nose, shrivelled his cheek, stiffened his gait; made his eyes red, his thin lips blue; and spoke out shrewdly in his grating voice. A frosty rime was on his head, and on his eyebrows, and his wiry chin. He carried his own low temperature always about with him; he iced his office in the dog-days, and didn't thaw it one degree at Christmas. External heat...
Master this chapter. Complete your experience
Purchase the complete book to access all chapters and support classic literature
As an Amazon Associate, we earn a small commission from qualifying purchases at no additional cost to you.
Available in paperback, hardcover, and e-book formats
Intelligence Amplifier™ Analysis
The Road of Self-Imposed Exile
The gradual process of building emotional walls for protection that eventually become a prison of loneliness and disconnection.
Why This Matters
Connect literature to life
This chapter teaches how to spot when small compromises in values accumulate into major personality changes over time.
Practice This Today
This week, notice when you justify treating someone coldly by calling it 'practical'—that's often the first sign of drift.
Now let's explore the literary elements.
Terms to Know
Workhouse
Government-run institutions where the poor were forced to live and work in harsh conditions in exchange for basic food and shelter. They were deliberately made unpleasant to discourage people from seeking help unless absolutely desperate.
Modern Usage:
Similar to how some people today argue against social programs, claiming they make people 'dependent' rather than helping them get back on their feet.
Counting house
The business office where financial records were kept and money transactions handled. This was the center of commercial life for merchants and businessmen like Scrooge.
Modern Usage:
Like today's corporate offices or accounting firms where the focus is purely on profit and numbers rather than people.
Humbug
Scrooge's favorite word meaning nonsense, fraud, or something designed to deceive. He uses it to dismiss anything he sees as sentimental foolishness, especially Christmas spirit.
Modern Usage:
When someone calls something 'fake news' or dismisses genuine emotion as 'drama' or 'virtue signaling.'
Surplus population
Scrooge's cold term for poor people, suggesting they are excess humans who serve no useful purpose. This reflects the harsh economic thinking of the time that viewed people as expendable.
Modern Usage:
Similar to when people today talk about certain groups as 'drains on society' or 'useless eaters' rather than seeing them as fellow humans.
Marley's chains
Heavy chains made of cash boxes, keys, and ledgers that Marley's ghost wears as punishment for caring only about money in life. Each link represents a selfish choice that ignored human suffering.
Modern Usage:
Like how our bad choices and selfish behaviors create invisible burdens we carry - guilt, isolation, and missed opportunities for real connection.
Solitary as an oyster
Dickens' description of Scrooge's isolation. Oysters live alone in hard shells, just like Scrooge has built emotional walls around himself to keep others out.
Modern Usage:
People today who are emotionally unavailable, always working, or who push others away to avoid being hurt or disappointed.
Characters in This Chapter
Ebenezer Scrooge
Protagonist (anti-hero)
A wealthy but miserly businessman who has chosen money over human connection. He refuses charity, rejects family, and treats his employee terribly, believing that caring for others is weakness or foolishness.
Modern Equivalent:
The workaholic boss who cuts benefits, refuses time off, and thinks employees should be grateful for any job
Bob Cratchit
Scrooge's clerk/employee
Scrooge's underpaid employee who works in freezing conditions for barely enough money to support his family. Despite poor treatment, he remains polite and hardworking.
Modern Equivalent:
The minimum-wage worker juggling multiple jobs to make ends meet while their boss complains about labor costs
Jacob Marley
Supernatural messenger/former business partner
Scrooge's deceased business partner who appears as a warning ghost. He reveals that focusing only on profit and ignoring human suffering has damned him to eternal wandering in chains.
Modern Equivalent:
The friend who got caught up in toxic success and now warns you not to make the same mistakes
Scrooge's nephew Fred
Family member seeking connection
Scrooge's cheerful nephew who invites him to Christmas dinner despite being rejected every year. He represents the possibility of family love and forgiveness.
Modern Equivalent:
The family member who keeps reaching out despite being constantly shut down or criticized
The charity collectors
Representatives of social conscience
Two gentlemen asking for donations to help the poor during Christmas. Scrooge's harsh rejection of them reveals his complete lack of empathy for human suffering.
Modern Equivalent:
Volunteers at food banks or homeless shelters asking for community support
Key Quotes & Analysis
"Every idiot who goes about with 'Merry Christmas' on his lips, should be boiled with his own pudding, and buried with a stake of holly through his heart."
Context: Scrooge's angry response to his nephew's Christmas greeting
This violent imagery shows how deeply Scrooge resents any expression of joy or human connection. His hatred of Christmas represents his rejection of everything that makes life meaningful beyond money.
In Today's Words:
Anyone who acts happy about the holidays should be punished for their fake cheerfulness.
"I wear the chain I forged in life. I made it link by link, and yard by yard."
Context: Marley explaining his spiritual punishment to Scrooge
This reveals that our choices create consequences we carry with us. Every selfish decision adds another link to the chain of isolation and regret.
In Today's Words:
I created my own problems through the choices I made every single day.
"Are there no prisons? Are there no workhouses?"
Context: His response when asked to help the poor
Scrooge believes society has already done enough by providing harsh institutions for the poor. He refuses to see that these places are punishment, not help.
In Today's Words:
Why should I help? There are already government programs for people like that.
"Mankind was my business. The common welfare was my business."
Context: Explaining what he should have focused on in life instead of just business
Marley realizes too late that caring for other people should have been his priority, not accumulating wealth. This is the lesson Scrooge must learn.
In Today's Words:
I should have cared about people, not just making money.
Thematic Threads
Class
In This Chapter
Scrooge uses his wealth to avoid human obligation, dismissing the poor as deserving their fate while living in comfort
Development
Introduced here
In Your Life:
You might catch yourself thinking certain people 'deserve' their struggles because acknowledging otherwise would require you to help.
Identity
In This Chapter
Scrooge has become so identified with being 'practical' and 'unsentimental' that kindness feels like betraying who he is
Development
Introduced here
In Your Life:
You might resist changing negative patterns because they've become part of how you see yourself.
Social Expectations
In This Chapter
Everyone expects Scrooge to be miserly, and he meets those expectations perfectly, trapped in the role he's created
Development
Introduced here
In Your Life:
You might find yourself living up to others' low expectations because it's easier than disappointing them by changing.
Human Relationships
In This Chapter
Scrooge systematically rejects every offered connection—nephew's invitation, clerk's needs, charity workers' appeals
Development
Introduced here
In Your Life:
You might push people away when you're struggling instead of letting them help, then wonder why you feel alone.
Personal Growth
In This Chapter
Marley's ghost represents the possibility of change even when it seems too late, offering Scrooge a path forward
Development
Introduced here
In Your Life:
You might believe you're too old or set in your ways to change, missing opportunities for growth that are still available.
You now have the context. Time to form your own thoughts.
Discussion Questions
- 1
What specific actions does Scrooge take on Christmas Eve that show his isolation from others?
analysis • surface - 2
Why do you think Scrooge justifies his behavior by saying the poor should use 'prisons and workhouses' rather than accepting that he simply doesn't want to help?
analysis • medium - 3
Where do you see people today building walls like Scrooge's - at work, in families, or in communities - and what excuses do they give?
application • medium - 4
If you noticed yourself starting to pull away from people after being hurt or disappointed, what early warning signs would you watch for and how would you reconnect?
application • deep - 5
Marley says his chains represent missed opportunities to help others - what does this suggest about how we create meaning in our lives?
reflection • deep
Critical Thinking Exercise
Map Your Connection Choices
Think of three recent times someone reached out to you - an invitation, a request for help, or just wanting to talk. For each situation, identify what you did and why. Then trace the pattern: Are you moving toward connection or away from it? What small excuses are you making that might be building walls?
Consider:
- •Notice the difference between legitimate boundaries and fear-based avoidance
- •Consider how your response affects not just you, but the other person's willingness to reach out again
- •Think about whether your reasons for declining connection would make sense to someone who cares about you
Journaling Prompt
Write about a relationship where you've gradually become more distant. What small steps could you take this week to rebuild that connection, even if it feels awkward at first?
Coming Up Next...
Chapter 2: Facing the Ghost of Christmas Past
The coming pages reveal confronting your past can reveal patterns that shaped who you became, and teach us small acts of kindness from leaders create lasting impact on others. These discoveries help us navigate similar situations in our own lives.
