Summary
Smith reveals the invisible forces that determine why a coal miner earns more than a skilled tailor, or why lawyers command higher fees than equally educated teachers. He identifies five key factors that balance out seemingly unfair pay differences: how pleasant or unpleasant the work is, how expensive the training costs, how steady the employment, how much trust the job requires, and how likely you are to succeed in the field. A butcher might earn more than a craftsman not because butchering is harder, but because most people find it disgusting. A lawyer's high fees compensate for the twenty students who spent fortunes on legal education but never made it in the profession. Smith then exposes how European governments and trade guilds deliberately distort these natural wage patterns through apprenticeship laws, corporate monopolies, and settlement restrictions that trap workers in their home parishes. These artificial barriers don't just hurt individual workers—they make entire economies less efficient by preventing people from moving to where their skills are most needed. The chapter serves as both an explanation for workplace inequalities and a blueprint for recognizing when you're being systematically underpaid or blocked from better opportunities. Smith's analysis reveals that many wage gaps aren't about merit but about who controls access to different professions.
Coming Up in Chapter 11
Having explained how labor gets paid, Smith turns to the other major source of income in his era: land ownership. He'll explore how rent works as an economic force and why landlords can extract wealth without contributing productive work.
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An excerpt from the original text.(~500 words)
OF WAGES AND PROFIT IN THE DIFFERENT EMPLOYMENTS OF LABOUR AND STOCK. The whole of the advantages and disadvantages of the different employments of labour and stock, must, in the same neighbourhood, be either perfectly equal, or continually tending to equality. If, in the same neighbourhood, there was any employment evidently either more or less advantageous than the rest, so many people would crowd into it in the one case, and so many would desert it in the other, that its advantages would soon return to the level of other employments. This, at least, would be the case in a society where things were left to follow their natural course, where there was perfect liberty, and where every man was perfectly free both to choose what occupation he thought proper, and to change it as often as he thought proper. Every man’s interest would prompt him to seek the advantageous, and to shun the disadvantageous employment. Pecuniary wages and profit, indeed, are everywhere in Europe extremely different, according to the different employments of labour and stock. But this difference arises, partly from certain circumstances in the employments themselves, which, either really, or at least in the imagination of men, make up for a small pecuniary gain in some, and counterbalance a great one in others, and partly from the policy of Europe, which nowhere leaves things at perfect liberty. The particular consideration of those circumstances, and of that policy, will divide this Chapter into two parts. PART I. Inequalities arising from the nature of the employments themselves. The five following are the principal circumstances which, so far as I have been able to observe, make up for a small pecuniary gain in some employments, and counterbalance a great one in others. First, the agreeableness or disagreeableness of the employments themselves; secondly, the easiness and cheapness, or the difficulty and expense of learning them; thirdly, the constancy or inconstancy of employment in them; fourthly, the small or great trust which must be reposed in those who exercise them; and, fifthly, the probability or improbability of success in them. First, the wages of labour vary with the ease or hardship, the cleanliness or dirtiness, the honourableness or dishonourableness, of the employment. Thus in most places, take the year round, a journeyman tailor earns less than a journeyman weaver. His work is much easier. A journeyman weaver earns less than a journeyman smith. His work is not always easier, but it is much cleanlier. A journeyman blacksmith, though an artificer, seldom earns so much in twelve hours, as a collier, who is only a labourer, does in eight. His work is not quite so dirty, is less dangerous, and is carried on in day-light, and above ground. Honour makes a great part of the reward of all honourable professions. In point of pecuniary gain, all things considered, they are generally under-recompensed, as I shall endeavour to shew by and by. Disgrace has the contrary effect. The trade of a butcher is a brutal...
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Intelligence Amplifier™ Analysis
The Road of Hidden Compensations
Seemingly unfair pay differences are actually balanced by invisible factors like unpleasantness, risk, training costs, and artificial barriers that create or destroy opportunity.
Why This Matters
Connect literature to life
This chapter teaches how to decode why jobs pay what they do by identifying hidden compensation factors.
Practice This Today
This week, notice when someone complains about unfair wages—ask yourself what invisible costs their pay might be covering, or what artificial barriers might be creating the imbalance.
Now let's explore the literary elements.
Terms to Know
Natural Course of Things
Smith's idea that when left alone, economic forces naturally balance themselves out. Like water finding its level, wages and profits will adjust until all similar jobs offer roughly equal total benefits.
Modern Usage:
We see this when Uber drivers flood popular areas during surge pricing, or when nursing shortages drive up healthcare wages.
Perfect Liberty
An ideal economic system where people can freely choose their jobs, move between occupations, and relocate for work without artificial barriers or restrictions.
Modern Usage:
Today we see the lack of perfect liberty in occupational licensing requirements, non-compete clauses, and immigration restrictions that limit job mobility.
Pecuniary Wages
The actual money you earn from a job. Smith argues this is only part of total compensation - you also need to consider working conditions, job security, and other benefits.
Modern Usage:
Like how teachers might earn less money but get summers off, or how tech workers get stock options and free meals beyond their salary.
Counterbalancing Circumstances
The non-monetary factors that make up for differences in pay between jobs. A dangerous or unpleasant job pays more to attract workers, while a prestigious or easy job can pay less.
Modern Usage:
Explains why garbage collectors often earn more than office workers, or why unpaid internships exist at glamorous companies like fashion magazines.
Policy of Europe
The government regulations, guild restrictions, and legal barriers that Smith argues prevent wages from reaching their natural levels by limiting competition and worker mobility.
Modern Usage:
Today's equivalent includes professional licensing boards, union contracts, immigration laws, and corporate regulations that affect who can work where.
Advantageous Employment
A job or profession that offers better total compensation (money plus benefits plus working conditions) compared to other available options in the same area.
Modern Usage:
Like how everyone wants to work for companies like Google or Apple because of the total package, not just the salary.
Desert an Employment
To leave or abandon a particular job or profession, usually because better opportunities exist elsewhere or conditions have become unfavorable.
Modern Usage:
We see this in 'The Great Resignation' when workers left hospitality and retail jobs for better opportunities during COVID.
Characters in This Chapter
The Coal Miner
Example worker
Smith uses miners to illustrate how dangerous, unpleasant work commands higher wages to compensate for the risks and discomfort. They represent workers whose high pay reflects job conditions rather than skill level.
Modern Equivalent:
The oil rig worker or hazmat cleaner
The Skilled Tailor
Contrasting example
Represents skilled craftsmen who might earn less than miners despite requiring more training, because their work is safer and more pleasant. Shows how skill doesn't always equal pay.
Modern Equivalent:
The graphic designer or skilled barista
The Lawyer
Professional example
Illustrates how high fees compensate for expensive education and low success rates in the profession. Many study law but few become successful lawyers, so those who do must earn enough to justify everyone's risk.
Modern Equivalent:
The startup entrepreneur or professional athlete
The Butcher
Trade worker example
Shows how social attitudes affect wages - butchers earn more partly because most people find the work disagreeable, even though it requires less skill than many crafts.
Modern Equivalent:
The crime scene cleaner or funeral director
European Governments
Economic disruptor
Smith presents them as forces that prevent natural wage adjustment through laws, regulations, and restrictions that benefit some groups while harming overall economic efficiency.
Modern Equivalent:
Regulatory agencies and licensing boards
Key Quotes & Analysis
"Every man's interest would prompt him to seek the advantageous, and to shun the disadvantageous employment."
Context: Smith explaining how people naturally move toward better jobs when free to choose
This reveals Smith's belief that self-interest drives economic efficiency. When people chase better opportunities, it automatically balances the job market and ensures work gets done where it's most needed.
In Today's Words:
People will always try to get the best job they can and avoid the worst ones.
"The whole of the advantages and disadvantages of the different employments of labour and stock, must, in the same neighbourhood, be either perfectly equal, or continually tending to equality."
Context: Opening statement of Smith's theory about wage equilibrium
This is the chapter's central premise - that total job benefits naturally balance out. A low-paying job must offer other advantages, while high-paying jobs must have hidden costs or drawbacks.
In Today's Words:
When you look at the whole package, all jobs in an area end up being roughly equally attractive.
"This difference arises, partly from certain circumstances in the employments themselves, which, either really, or at least in the imagination of men, make up for a small pecuniary gain in some, and counterbalance a great one in others."
Context: Explaining why wages differ between jobs despite natural balancing forces
Smith acknowledges that perception matters as much as reality in job markets. People's feelings about prestige, safety, or social status affect wages just as much as actual working conditions do.
In Today's Words:
Pay differences exist because jobs have different perks and problems, whether real or just in people's heads.
Thematic Threads
Class
In This Chapter
Smith shows how artificial barriers like apprenticeship laws and settlement restrictions trap people in their economic class regardless of ability
Development
Builds on earlier themes by revealing the specific mechanisms that maintain class boundaries
In Your Life:
You might recognize how licensing requirements, geographic restrictions, or 'experience needed' job postings keep you locked out of better opportunities.
Identity
In This Chapter
Professional identity becomes tied to exclusivity—guild members define themselves by who they keep out, not just what they do
Development
Extends identity themes to show how group membership becomes a source of power and self-worth
In Your Life:
You might notice how your workplace, profession, or social group defines itself by who doesn't belong rather than shared values.
Social Expectations
In This Chapter
Society expects certain work to be low-paid (teaching, caregiving) while accepting high compensation for work that benefits fewer people
Development
Reveals how social expectations about 'worthy' work create systematic undervaluation of essential services
In Your Life:
You might question why society expects you to accept low pay for important work while others earn more for less essential tasks.
Personal Growth
In This Chapter
Smith shows how artificial barriers prevent people from developing their full potential by blocking access to training and opportunities
Development
Connects individual development to systemic obstacles, showing personal growth isn't just about individual effort
In Your Life:
You might realize that your career limitations aren't personal failures but systemic barriers that can be identified and potentially circumvented.
Human Relationships
In This Chapter
The relationship between worker and employer is shaped by these compensation factors—trust requirements, training investments, and mutual dependencies
Development
Introduces how economic relationships are built on complex exchanges beyond simple labor for wages
In Your Life:
You might better understand workplace dynamics by recognizing what invisible factors make you valuable or replaceable to your employer.
You now have the context. Time to form your own thoughts.
Discussion Questions
- 1
According to Smith, what five factors determine whether a job pays well or poorly, even when the work itself seems equally difficult?
analysis • surface - 2
Why does a coal miner earn more than a skilled tailor, and what does this reveal about how wages actually work?
analysis • medium - 3
Think about jobs in your community - which ones pay surprisingly well or poorly? What invisible factors might explain these wage differences?
application • medium - 4
How do licensing requirements, union rules, or geographic restrictions create artificial wage advantages in fields you know? Who benefits and who gets shut out?
application • deep - 5
What does Smith's wage analysis teach us about recognizing when we're being systematically underpaid versus fairly compensated for real disadvantages?
reflection • deep
Critical Thinking Exercise
Decode Your Local Wage Puzzle
Pick three jobs in your area with surprising pay differences - maybe a plumber who earns more than a teacher, or a restaurant manager who makes less than a truck driver. Using Smith's five factors, figure out what invisible elements explain each wage gap. Then identify which differences come from natural market forces versus artificial barriers created by licensing, unions, or regulations.
Consider:
- •Look beyond education level to factors like job security, required trust, and success rates
- •Consider both the pleasant and unpleasant aspects of each job that might affect supply and demand
- •Distinguish between barriers that serve legitimate purposes versus those that just protect existing workers
Journaling Prompt
Write about a time when you discovered you were underpaid or overpaid compared to others. What factors were you missing in your original comparison, and how would you approach similar situations differently now?
Coming Up Next...
Chapter 11: The Nature of Rent
As the story unfolds, you'll explore landlords extract maximum value from tenants through rent pricing, while uncovering location and natural advantages create monopoly-like pricing power. These lessons connect the classic to contemporary challenges we all face.