Summary
While Moscow faces Napoleon's approach, Tolstoy contrasts two very different responses to crisis. The wealthy citizens quietly pack up and leave the city, despite being called cowards by officials. They don't make speeches or grand gestures—they simply recognize what needs to be done and do it. Their quiet exodus will ultimately save Russia by denying Napoleon a functioning city to occupy. Meanwhile, Count Rostopchín, the government official supposedly in charge, runs around in circles making contradictory decisions. One day he's distributing weapons to drunks, the next he's organizing religious processions. He arrests some French residents while protecting others, claims he'll burn the city then denies it, and generally behaves like someone desperate to look important during a crisis. Tolstoy argues that the ordinary people's instinctive understanding of what Russia needs proves more valuable than Rostopchín's theatrical leadership. The real patriotism isn't found in his bombastic proclamations but in the simple, practical decisions of families who abandon their homes to deny the enemy resources. This chapter reveals how authentic collective action often emerges not from official commands but from shared understanding of what a situation truly requires. The people who quietly left Moscow, feeling ashamed but knowing it was right, accomplished something far greater than all of Rostopchín's dramatic posturing.
Coming Up in Chapter 235
As Moscow empties and burns, the focus shifts to how this massive sacrifice will affect Napoleon's campaign and the broader war effort.
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An excerpt from the original text.(~500 words)
At that very time, in circumstances even more important than retreating without a battle, namely the evacuation and burning of Moscow, Rostopchín, who is usually represented as being the instigator of that event, acted in an altogether different manner from Kutúzov. After the battle of Borodinó the abandonment and burning of Moscow was as inevitable as the retreat of the army beyond Moscow without fighting. Every Russian might have predicted it, not by reasoning but by the feeling implanted in each of us and in our fathers. The same thing that took place in Moscow had happened in all the towns and villages on Russian soil beginning with Smolénsk, without the participation of Count Rostopchín and his broadsheets. The people awaited the enemy unconcernedly, did not riot or become excited or tear anyone to pieces, but faced its fate, feeling within it the strength to find what it should do at that most difficult moment. And as soon as the enemy drew near the wealthy classes went away abandoning their property, while the poorer remained and burned and destroyed what was left. The consciousness that this would be so and would always be so was and is present in the heart of every Russian. And a consciousness of this, and a foreboding that Moscow would be taken, was present in Russian Moscow society in 1812. Those who had quitted Moscow already in July and at the beginning of August showed that they expected this. Those who went away, taking what they could and abandoning their houses and half their belongings, did so from the latent patriotism which expresses itself not by phrases or by giving one’s children to save the fatherland and similar unnatural exploits, but unobtrusively, simply, organically, and therefore in the way that always produces the most powerful results. “It is disgraceful to run away from danger; only cowards are running away from Moscow,” they were told. In his broadsheets Rostopchín impressed on them that to leave Moscow was shameful. They were ashamed to be called cowards, ashamed to leave, but still they left, knowing it had to be done. Why did they go? It is impossible to suppose that Rostopchín had scared them by his accounts of horrors Napoleon had committed in conquered countries. The first people to go away were the rich educated people who knew quite well that Vienna and Berlin had remained intact and that during Napoleon’s occupation the inhabitants had spent their time pleasantly in the company of the charming Frenchmen whom the Russians, and especially the Russian ladies, then liked so much. They went away because for Russians there could be no question as to whether things would go well or ill under French rule in Moscow. It was out of the question to be under French rule, it would be the worst thing that could happen. They went away even before the battle of Borodinó and still more rapidly after it, despite Rostopchín’s calls to defend Moscow or the announcement of...
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Intelligence Amplifier™ Analysis
The Road of Performative Leadership
The tendency to prioritize looking important over being effective, especially during crises when real leadership is most needed.
Why This Matters
Connect literature to life
This chapter teaches how to identify leaders who prioritize looking important over being effective during crisis.
Practice This Today
This week, notice when someone calls a meeting that could have been an email, or when leaders make grand announcements while frontline workers solve the actual problems.
Now let's explore the literary elements.
Terms to Know
Evacuation
The organized abandonment of a place when staying becomes too dangerous. In this chapter, wealthy Muscovites quietly leave their city before Napoleon arrives. Unlike panic or fleeing, evacuation involves deliberate choices about what to save and what to sacrifice.
Modern Usage:
We see this during hurricanes, wildfires, or other disasters when communities must decide whether to stay and fight or leave and preserve what matters most.
Scorched earth
A military strategy where defenders destroy everything useful before retreating, denying resources to invaders. The Russians burn Moscow rather than let Napoleon use it as a base. It requires sacrificing your own possessions to deny them to your enemy.
Modern Usage:
Companies sometimes use this approach during hostile takeovers, destroying value rather than letting competitors benefit from their resources.
Collective instinct
When groups of people, without formal coordination, all make similar decisions based on shared understanding. Tolstoy shows how ordinary Russians knew to abandon Moscow without being told. This wisdom emerges from common experience rather than official orders.
Modern Usage:
We see this when communities respond to crises - like neighbors helping during storms or people changing behavior during pandemics without waiting for government mandates.
Theater of leadership
When officials focus more on appearing important than on effective action. Rostopchín makes grand gestures and contradictory proclamations to seem in control. His performance distracts from the real work being done by ordinary people.
Modern Usage:
Politicians during crises often engage in this - holding press conferences and making dramatic statements while actual solutions come from local communities and workers.
Broadsheets
Single-page printed announcements used to spread official news and propaganda. Rostopchín distributes these to try controlling public opinion. They represent top-down communication that often misses what people actually need to know.
Modern Usage:
Social media posts, emergency alerts, and official statements serve this same function today - attempts to shape public understanding of events.
Class distinction in crisis
How different social groups respond differently to danger based on their resources and obligations. The wealthy can afford to leave Moscow; the poor must stay and deal with consequences. Each group's response serves the larger survival strategy.
Modern Usage:
During disasters like COVID-19 or natural disasters, we see similar patterns - some can work from home or relocate while essential workers must stay and maintain basic services.
Characters in This Chapter
Count Rostopchín
Ineffective authority figure
The government official supposedly managing Moscow's defense who makes contradictory decisions and focuses on appearances over effectiveness. He represents leadership that prioritizes looking important over actual results, creating confusion when clarity is needed most.
Modern Equivalent:
The manager who calls endless meetings during a crisis instead of letting people do their jobs
Kutúzov
Contrast to poor leadership
Mentioned as an example of effective leadership during retreat. Unlike Rostopchín's theatrical approach, Kutúzov understands when to act and when to let events unfold naturally. He represents wisdom that works with reality rather than against it.
Modern Equivalent:
The experienced supervisor who stays calm during emergencies and makes practical decisions
The wealthy classes
Practical decision-makers
Moscow's upper class who quietly abandon the city despite being called cowards. Their seemingly selfish act actually serves Russia's interests by denying Napoleon a functioning city to govern. They understand sacrifice without needing speeches about it.
Modern Equivalent:
The families who evacuate early from disaster zones, getting criticized for 'overreacting' but actually making smart choices
The poorer classes
Those who implement sacrifice
The people who remain in Moscow and actually burn what the wealthy left behind. They complete the scorched earth strategy through direct action rather than planning. Their role requires them to destroy rather than preserve.
Modern Equivalent:
Essential workers who stay behind during disasters to maintain basic services while others evacuate
Key Quotes & Analysis
"Every Russian might have predicted it, not by reasoning but by the feeling implanted in each of us and in our fathers."
Context: Explaining why abandoning Moscow was inevitable
Tolstoy argues that some knowledge comes from deep cultural understanding rather than logical analysis. The Russian people knew what needed to be done because generations of experience with invasion had created collective wisdom about survival.
In Today's Words:
Sometimes you just know what's coming because your family and community have been through this kind of thing before.
"The consciousness that this would be so and would always be so was and is present in the heart of every Russian."
Context: Describing the Russian people's understanding of sacrifice
This reveals how cultural identity shapes response to crisis. Russians accept that defending their homeland sometimes requires destroying what they love. This acceptance enables effective action without the paralysis that comes from hoping for perfect solutions.
In Today's Words:
Deep down, everyone understood this was just how things work when your back's against the wall.
"Those who had quitted Moscow already in July and at the beginning of August showed that they expected this."
Context: Explaining how the wealthy anticipated Moscow's fall
The people who left earliest weren't cowards but realists who read the situation accurately. Their quiet departure demonstrates practical wisdom - understanding when to fight and when to preserve resources for future battles.
In Today's Words:
The smart ones saw the writing on the wall and got out while they could.
Thematic Threads
Class
In This Chapter
Wealthy families quietly leave Moscow while officials make grand speeches, showing how different classes respond to crisis
Development
Continues the theme of class differences in practical wisdom versus social performance
In Your Life:
Notice how working-class people often solve problems directly while management talks about solutions
Authority
In This Chapter
Rostopchín's official position gives him no actual power to control events, only the illusion of control
Development
Builds on earlier examples of how formal authority often lacks real influence
In Your Life:
The person with the title isn't always the person with the answers or the ability to help you
Collective Action
In This Chapter
Moscow's evacuation succeeds through individual families making the same practical choice, not through coordination
Development
Introduces the idea that effective group action can emerge without central planning
In Your Life:
Sometimes the best community response happens when everyone independently does the right thing
Pride
In This Chapter
Rostopchín's need to appear decisive leads to contradictory, harmful decisions
Development
Shows how pride in crisis situations can override practical judgment
In Your Life:
Your ego can make you double down on bad decisions when admitting uncertainty would be wiser
Practical Wisdom
In This Chapter
Ordinary families understand what needs to be done better than the official in charge
Development
Reinforces the theme that common sense often trumps official expertise
In Your Life:
Trust your instincts about what's really happening, even when authorities say otherwise
You now have the context. Time to form your own thoughts.
Discussion Questions
- 1
What are the two different ways people responded to Napoleon's approach to Moscow, and what were the actual results of each response?
analysis • surface - 2
Why does Tolstoy suggest that Count Rostopchín's dramatic leadership style was less effective than the quiet actions of ordinary families?
analysis • medium - 3
Think about a crisis at your workplace, school, or community. Who made the most noise about helping, and who actually got things done? What was the difference?
application • medium - 4
When you're under pressure, do you tend to focus more on looking capable or being capable? How can you tell the difference in yourself?
application • deep - 5
What does this chapter suggest about the relationship between true leadership and the need for recognition or credit?
reflection • deep
Critical Thinking Exercise
Spot the Performer vs. the Problem-Solver
Think of a current situation in your life where there's a problem that needs solving - at work, in your family, or your community. List the people involved and categorize them: Who talks the most about the problem? Who posts about it? Who calls meetings? Now identify who actually takes concrete steps to fix things, even if they get less attention. Write down what you notice about the difference between these two groups.
Consider:
- •The loudest voice isn't always the most effective one
- •People who need credit for helping might be more focused on their image than the actual problem
- •Sometimes the most important work happens quietly, without fanfare
Journaling Prompt
Write about a time when you caught yourself performing helpfulness rather than actually helping. What was driving that need to be seen as helpful? How might you approach similar situations differently in the future?
Coming Up Next...
Chapter 235: Hélène's Religious Conversion Strategy
In the next chapter, you'll discover manipulative people reframe situations to avoid accountability, and learn the art of using emotional appeals to deflect criticism. These insights reveal timeless patterns that resonate in our own lives and relationships.