Summary
Smith reveals one of life's most frustrating truths: fortune shapes how others judge our actions, regardless of our intentions. He shows how we give less credit to someone who tries to help but fails compared to someone who succeeds, even when their efforts were identical. A friend who tries to get you a job but fails receives less gratitude than one who actually lands it for you, despite equal good intentions. This extends to how we judge ourselves—a general prevented from executing a brilliant military strategy feels incomplete, even knowing he had the perfect plan. The flip side is equally unfair: we judge failed crimes less harshly than successful ones, even when the criminal intent was identical. Someone who tries to shoot you but misses gets a lighter sentence than if they had killed you, though their malice was the same. Smith explores different levels of negligence, from gross carelessness (throwing stones into crowds) to minor accidents (losing control of a startled horse). Society demands compensation for accidental harm even when no ill intent existed, because victims suffer real consequences regardless of the perpetrator's good intentions. This creates an uncomfortable reality: we're held responsible not just for what we intend, but for what actually happens. The chapter exposes how deeply unfair our moral judgments can be, shaped more by random outcomes than by the character behind our actions. Smith isn't endorsing this system—he's diagnosing it, helping us understand why moral life feels so arbitrary and why good people sometimes face harsh judgment while lucky wrongdoers escape consequences.
Coming Up in Chapter 24
Having exposed how unfairly fortune shapes our moral judgments, Smith will explore why nature designed us this way. What purpose could this seemingly unjust system serve in human society?
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An excerpt from the original text.(~500 words)
Of the extent of this influence of fortune. The effect of this influence of fortune is, first, to diminish our sense of the merit or demerit of those actions which arose from the most laudable or blamable intentions, when they fail of producing their proposed effects: and, secondly, to increase our sense of the merit or demerit of actions, beyond what is due to the motives or affections from which they proceed, when they accidentally give occasion either to extraordinary pleasure or pain. 1. First, I say, though the intentions of any person should be ever so proper and beneficent, on the one hand, or ever so improper and malevolent, on the other, yet, if they fail in producing their effects, his merit seems imperfect in the one case, and his demerit incomplete in the other. Nor is this irregularity of sentiment felt only by those who are immediately affected by the consequences of any action. It is felt, in some measure, even by the impartial spectator. The man who solicits an office for another, without obtaining it, is regarded as his friend, and seems to deserve his love and affection. But the man who not only solicits, but procures it, is more peculiarly considered as his patron and benefactor, and is entitled to his respect and gratitude. The person obliged, we are apt to think, may with some 155justice, imagine himself on a level with the first: but we cannot enter into his sentiments, if he does not feel himself inferior to the second. It is common indeed to say, that we are equally obliged to the man who has endeavoured to serve us, as to him who actually did so. It is the speech which we constantly make upon every unsuccessful attempt of this kind; but which, like all other fine speeches, must be understood with a grain of allowance. The sentiments which a man of generosity entertains for the friend who fails, may often indeed be nearly the same with those which he conceives for him who succeeds: and the more generous he is, the more nearly will those sentiments approach to an exact level. With the truly generous, to be beloved, to be esteemed by those whom they themselves think worthy of esteem, gives more pleasure, and thereby excites more gratitude, than all the advantages which they can ever expect from those sentiments. When they lose those advantages therefore, they seem to lose but a trifle, which is scarce worth regarding. They still however lose something. Their pleasure therefore, and consequently their gratitude, is not perfectly complete: and accordingly if, between the friend who fails and the friend who succeeds, all other circumstances are equal, there will, even in the noblest and the best mind, be some little difference of affection in favour of him who succeeds. Nay, so unjust are mankind in this respect, that though the intended benefit should be procured, yet if it is not procured by the means of a particular benefactor,...
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Intelligence Amplifier™ Analysis
The Road of Outcome Bias - When Results Override Intentions
People judge actions by their results rather than the intentions or quality of effort behind them.
Why This Matters
Connect literature to life
This chapter teaches you to recognize when people are being judged by their results rather than their efforts or intentions.
Practice This Today
This week, notice when someone gets blamed for bad results despite good intentions, or praised for success despite poor planning—then ask yourself what their actual effort and intention were.
Now let's explore the literary elements.
Terms to Know
Impartial Spectator
Smith's concept of an imaginary neutral observer who judges actions fairly, without personal bias or self-interest. This internal voice helps us evaluate right and wrong by stepping outside our own perspective.
Modern Usage:
When we ask ourselves 'What would a fair person think?' or 'How would this look to someone who doesn't know me?'
Merit and Demerit
The praise or blame we deserve based on our actions and intentions. Smith shows how fortune unfairly influences these judgments, making us seem more or less worthy than we actually are.
Modern Usage:
Getting credit or blame at work based on results rather than effort, like a salesperson judged by market conditions beyond their control.
Moral Luck
The unfair way that random chance affects how others judge our character. Good intentions with bad outcomes get less credit; bad intentions with lucky outcomes get lighter punishment.
Modern Usage:
A drunk driver who makes it home safely versus one who hits someone - same poor choice, different consequences and judgments.
Patron and Benefactor
Someone who not only tries to help but actually succeeds in providing concrete benefits. Smith notes we feel more grateful to those who deliver results than those who merely attempt to help.
Modern Usage:
The difference between a friend who tries to introduce you to job contacts versus one who actually gets you hired.
Negligence
Failing to take reasonable care, resulting in harm to others. Smith explores different levels, from gross carelessness to minor accidents, and how society demands compensation regardless of intent.
Modern Usage:
Texting while driving, leaving a gate open so a dog escapes, or any time our carelessness causes problems for others.
Compensation
Making up for harm caused, even when it was accidental. Smith shows how society requires this because victims suffer real consequences regardless of the perpetrator's good intentions.
Modern Usage:
Auto insurance, having to pay for damages even in accidents, or replacing something you broke by mistake.
Characters in This Chapter
The Man Who Solicits an Office
Example of well-intentioned helper
Represents someone who tries to help a friend get a job but fails. Smith uses him to show how we give less credit to failed good intentions than successful ones, even when the effort was identical.
Modern Equivalent:
The friend who puts in a good word but doesn't get you the job
The Patron and Benefactor
Example of successful helper
The person who not only tries to help but actually succeeds in getting someone a job. Receives more gratitude and respect than the failed helper, despite equal good intentions.
Modern Equivalent:
The connection who actually gets you hired
The Person Obliged
Recipient of help
The job-seeker who benefits from others' efforts. Smith shows how this person naturally feels more grateful to whoever actually delivers results, revealing our bias toward successful outcomes.
Modern Equivalent:
The person looking for work who gets different help from different friends
The General
Example of thwarted competence
A military leader with a perfect battle plan who cannot execute it due to circumstances beyond his control. Feels his merit is incomplete despite having the right strategy.
Modern Equivalent:
The manager with a great plan that gets killed by budget cuts
Key Quotes & Analysis
"though the intentions of any person should be ever so proper and beneficent, on the one hand, or ever so improper and malevolent, on the other, yet, if they fail in producing their effects, his merit seems imperfect in the one case, and his demerit incomplete in the other"
Context: Smith introduces his main argument about how fortune affects moral judgment
This quote captures the central unfairness of moral judgment - that we're judged more by results than intentions. It reveals how even our own sense of accomplishment depends on outcomes beyond our control.
In Today's Words:
No matter how good or bad your intentions, if things don't work out the way you planned, people won't give you full credit or blame.
"The man who not only solicits, but procures it, is more peculiarly considered as his patron and benefactor, and is entitled to his respect and gratitude"
Context: Comparing two people who try to help someone get a job - one fails, one succeeds
Shows how success breeds deeper gratitude than mere effort. This reveals our natural tendency to value results over intentions, even when the effort was identical.
In Today's Words:
The person who actually gets you the job gets way more thanks than the person who just tried to help.
"Nor is this irregularity of sentiment felt only by those who are immediately affected by the consequences of any action. It is felt, in some measure, even by the impartial spectator"
Context: Explaining that even neutral observers judge based on outcomes rather than intentions
This is crucial because it shows the bias isn't just personal - even fair-minded people fall into this trap. It suggests this unfairness is built into how humans naturally think about morality.
In Today's Words:
It's not just the people involved who judge this way - even outsiders looking at the situation do the same thing.
Thematic Threads
Social Judgment
In This Chapter
Society judges identical actions differently based on their accidental outcomes, creating unfair moral evaluations
Development
Building on earlier chapters about how we judge others, now showing how random results distort these judgments
In Your Life:
You might notice getting less credit for hard work that doesn't pan out while others get praised for lucky breaks
Personal Responsibility
In This Chapter
We're held accountable not just for our intentions but for uncontrollable consequences of our actions
Development
Extends previous discussions of moral accountability to include the uncomfortable reality of outcome-based responsibility
In Your Life:
You might feel guilty about accidents or unintended consequences even when you acted with good intentions
Fortune's Role
In This Chapter
Random chance determines whether identical efforts receive praise or blame from society
Development
Deepens the theme of how external circumstances beyond our control shape our social standing
In Your Life:
You might realize how much of your reputation depends on lucky or unlucky timing rather than your actual character
Justice vs Reality
In This Chapter
The gap between what feels morally fair (judging intentions) and how humans actually operate (judging results)
Development
Continues exploring the tension between idealistic moral principles and messy human psychology
In Your Life:
You might struggle with the unfairness of being judged by outcomes while knowing your intentions were good
Self-Evaluation
In This Chapter
Even our own sense of satisfaction depends partly on results we couldn't fully control
Development
Shows how outcome bias affects not just how others judge us, but how we judge ourselves
In Your Life:
You might notice feeling less accomplished when good plans fail due to bad luck, even knowing you did everything right
You now have the context. Time to form your own thoughts.
Discussion Questions
- 1
Smith shows how we judge people differently based on whether their actions succeed or fail, even when their intentions were identical. Can you think of a time when you gave someone less credit because their help didn't work out, even though they tried just as hard as someone who succeeded?
analysis • surface - 2
Why do you think our brains automatically focus more on results than intentions? What might have made this useful for human survival, even if it creates unfair judgments today?
analysis • medium - 3
Where do you see this 'outcome bias' pattern most clearly in your workplace, family, or community? How do people get blamed or praised based on results they couldn't fully control?
application • medium - 4
When you're being judged harshly for a bad outcome despite good intentions, how could recognizing this pattern help you respond differently? What would you say or do?
application • deep - 5
Smith isn't saying this system is right or wrong—he's showing us how human judgment actually works. What does this reveal about the gap between how we think we make moral decisions and how we actually make them?
reflection • deep
Critical Thinking Exercise
Track Your Outcome Bias
Think of someone you've judged recently—either positively or negatively. Write down what actually happened (the outcome) and what you think they were trying to do (their intention). Now imagine the same intention with the opposite outcome. Would you judge them differently? This exercise reveals how much results versus intentions drive your moral judgments.
Consider:
- •Consider whether you have enough information about their actual intentions or if you're guessing
- •Notice if your feelings about the outcome are coloring how you interpret their motives
- •Think about times when others judged you by results rather than your efforts or intentions
Journaling Prompt
Write about a time when you were judged unfairly based on an outcome you couldn't control. How did it feel, and how might understanding outcome bias help you handle similar situations in the future?
Coming Up Next...
Chapter 24: Why We Judge Actions by Results
Moving forward, we'll examine society judges us by outcomes, not just intentions, and understand this 'unfair' system actually protects everyone. These insights bridge the gap between classic literature and modern experience.