Robinson Crusoe

UILDS A HOUSE—THE JOURNAL

September 30, 1659.—I, poor miserable Robinson Crusoe, being
shipwrecked during a dreadful storm in the offing, came on shore on
this dismal, unfortunate island, which I called “The Island of
Despair”; all the rest of the ship’s company being drowned, and myself
almost dead.

All the rest of the day I spent in afflicting myself at the dismal
circumstances I was brought to—viz. I had neither food, house, clothes,
weapon, nor place to fly to; and in despair of any relief, saw nothing
but death before me—either that I should be devoured by wild beasts,
murdered by savages, or starved to death for want of food. At the
approach of night I slept in a tree, for fear of wild creatures; but
slept soundly, though it rained all night.

October 1.—In the morning I saw, to my great surprise, the ship had
floated with the high tide, and was driven on shore again much nearer
the island; which, as it was some comfort, on one hand—for, seeing her
set upright, and not broken to pieces, I hoped, if the wind abated, I
might get on board, and get some food and necessaries out of her for my
relief—so, on the other hand, it renewed my grief at the loss of my
comrades, who, I imagined, if we had all stayed on board, might have
saved the ship, or, at least, that they would not have been all drowned
as they were; and that, had the men been saved, we might perhaps have
built us a boat out of the ruins of the ship to have carried us to some
other part of the world. I spent great part of this day in perplexing
myself on these things; but at length, seeing the ship almost dry, I
went upon the sand as near as I could, and then swam on board. This day
also it continued raining, though with no wind at all.

From the 1st of October to the 24th.—All these days entirely spent in
many several voyages to get all I could out of the ship, which I
brought on shore every tide of flood upon rafts. Much rain also in the
days, though with some intervals of fair weather; but it seems this was
the rainy season.

Oct. 20.—I overset my raft, and all the goods I had got upon it; but,
being in shoal water, and the things being chiefly heavy, I recovered
many of them when the tide was out.

Oct. 25.—It rained all night and all day, with some gusts of wind;
during which time the ship broke in pieces, the wind blowing a little
harder than before, and was no more to be seen, except the wreck of
her, and that only at low water. I spent this day in covering and
securing the goods which I had saved, that the rain might not spoil
them.

Oct. 26.—I walked about the shore almost all day, to find out a place
to fix my habitation, greatly concerned to secure myself from any
attack in the night, either from wild beasts or men. Towards night, I
fixed upon a proper place, under a rock, and marked out a semicircle
for my encampment; which I resolved to strengthen with a work, wall, or
fortification, made of double piles, lined within with cables, and
without with turf.

From the 26th to the 30th I worked very hard in carrying all my goods
to my new habitation, though some part of the time it rained
exceedingly hard.

The 31st, in the morning, I went out into the island with my gun, to
seek for some food, and discover the country; when I killed a she-goat,
and her kid followed me home, which I afterwards killed also, because
it would not feed.

November 1.—I set up my tent under a rock, and lay there for the
first night; making it as large as I could, with stakes driven in to
swing my hammock upon.

Nov. 2.—I set up all my chests and boards, and the pieces of timber
which made my rafts, and with them formed a fence round me, a little
within the place I had marked out for my fortification.

Nov. 3.—I went out with my gun, and killed two fowls like ducks,
which were very good food. In the afternoon went to work to make me a
table.

Nov. 4.—This morning I began to order my times of work, of going out
with my gun, time of sleep, and time of diversion—viz. every morning I
walked out with my gun for two or three hours, if it did not rain; then
employed myself to work till about eleven o’clock; then eat what I had
to live on; and from twelve to two I lay down to sleep, the weather
being excessively hot; and then, in the evening, to work again. The
working part of this day and of the next were wholly employed in making
my table, for I was yet but a very sorry workman, though time and
necessity made me a complete natural mechanic soon after, as I believe
they would do any one else.

Nov. 5.—This day went abroad with my gun and my dog, and killed a
wild cat; her skin pretty soft, but her flesh good for nothing; every
creature that I killed I took of the skins and preserved them. Coming
back by the sea-shore, I saw many sorts of sea-fowls, which I did not
understand; but was surprised, and almost frightened, with two or three
seals, which, while I was gazing at, not well knowing what they were,
got into the sea, and escaped me for that time.

Nov. 6.—After my morning walk I went to work with my table again, and
finished it, though not to my liking; nor was it long before I learned
to mend it.

Nov. 7.—Now it began to be settled fair weather. The 7th, 8th, 9th,
10th, and part of the 12th (for the 11th was Sunday) I took wholly up
to make me a chair, and with much ado brought it to a tolerable shape,
but never to please me; and even in the making I pulled it in pieces
several times.

Note.—I soon neglected my keeping Sundays; for, omitting my mark for
them on my post, I forgot which was which.

Nov. 13.—This day it rained, which refreshed me exceedingly, and
cooled the earth; but it was accompanied with terrible thunder and
lightning, which frightened me dreadfully, for fear of my powder. As
soon as it was over, I resolved to separate my stock of powder into as
many little parcels as possible, that it might not be in danger.

Nov. 14, 15, 16.—These three days I spent in making little square
chests, or boxes, which might hold about a pound, or two pounds at
most, of powder; and so, putting the powder in, I stowed it in places
as secure and remote from one another as possible. On one of these
three days I killed a large bird that was good to eat, but I knew not
what to call it.

Nov. 17.—This day I began to dig behind my tent into the rock, to
make room for my further conveniency.

Note.—Three things I wanted exceedingly for this work—viz. a pickaxe,
a shovel, and a wheelbarrow or basket; so I desisted from my work, and
began to consider how to supply that want, and make me some tools. As
for the pickaxe, I made use of the iron crows, which were proper
enough, though heavy; but the next thing was a shovel or spade; this
was so absolutely necessary, that, indeed, I could do nothing
effectually without it; but what kind of one to make I knew not.

Nov. 18.—The next day, in searching the woods, I found a tree of that
wood, or like it, which in the Brazils they call the iron-tree, for its
exceeding hardness. Of this, with great labour, and almost spoiling my
axe, I cut a piece, and brought it home, too, with difficulty enough,
for it was exceeding heavy. The excessive hardness of the wood, and my
having no other way, made me a long while upon this machine, for I
worked it effectually by little and little into the form of a shovel or
spade; the handle exactly shaped like ours in England, only that the
board part having no iron shod upon it at bottom, it would not last me
so long; however, it served well enough for the uses which I had
occasion to put it to; but never was a shovel, I believe, made after
that fashion, or so long in making.

I was still deficient, for I wanted a basket or a wheelbarrow. A basket
I could not make by any means, having no such things as twigs that
would bend to make wicker-ware—at least, none yet found out; and as to
a wheelbarrow, I fancied I could make all but the wheel; but that I had
no notion of; neither did I know how to go about it; besides, I had no
possible way to make the iron gudgeons for the spindle or axis of the
wheel to run in; so I gave it over, and so, for carrying away the earth
which I dug out of the cave, I made me a thing like a hod which the
labourers carry mortar in when they serve the bricklayers. This was not
so difficult to me as the making the shovel; and yet this and the
shovel, and the attempt which I made in vain to make a wheelbarrow,
took me up no less than four days—I mean always excepting my morning
walk with my gun, which I seldom failed, and very seldom failed also
bringing home something fit to eat.

Nov. 23.—My other work having now stood still, because of my making
these tools, when they were finished I went on, and working every day,
as my strength and time allowed, I spent eighteen days entirely in
widening and deepening my cave, that it might hold my goods
commodiously.

Note.—During all this time I worked to make this room or cave
spacious enough to accommodate me as a warehouse or magazine, a
kitchen, a dining-room, and a cellar. As for my lodging, I kept to the
tent; except that sometimes, in the wet season of the year, it rained
so hard that I could not keep myself dry, which caused me afterwards to
cover all my place within my pale with long poles, in the form of
rafters, leaning against the rock, and load them with flags and large
leaves of trees, like a thatch.

December 10.—I began now to think my cave or vault finished, when on
a sudden (it seems I had made it too large) a great quantity of earth
fell down from the top on one side; so much that, in short, it frighted
me, and not without reason, too, for if I had been under it, I had
never wanted a gravedigger. I had now a great deal of work to do over
again, for I had the loose earth to carry out; and, which was of more
importance, I had the ceiling to prop up, so that I might be sure no
more would come down.

Dec. 11.—This day I went to work with it accordingly, and got two
shores or posts pitched upright to the top, with two pieces of boards
across over each post; this I finished the next day; and setting more
posts up with boards, in about a week more I had the roof secured, and
the posts, standing in rows, served me for partitions to part off the
house.

Dec. 17.—From this day to the 20th I placed shelves, and knocked up
nails on the posts, to hang everything up that could be hung up; and
now I began to be in some order within doors.

Dec. 20.—Now I carried everything into the cave, and began to furnish
my house, and set up some pieces of boards like a dresser, to order my
victuals upon; but boards began to be very scarce with me; also, I made
me another table.

Dec. 24.—Much rain all night and all day. No stirring out.

Dec. 25.—Rain all day.

Dec. 26.—No rain, and the earth much cooler than before, and
pleasanter.

Dec. 27.—Killed a young goat, and lamed another, so that I caught it
and led it home in a string; when I had it at home, I bound and
splintered up its leg, which was broke.

N.B.—I took such care of it that it lived, and the leg grew well and
as strong as ever; but, by my nursing it so long, it grew tame, and fed
upon the little green at my door, and would not go away. This was the
first time that I entertained a thought of breeding up some tame
creatures, that I might have food when my powder and shot was all
spent.

Dec. 28, 29, 30.—Great heats and no breeze, so that there was no
stirring abroad except in the evening for food; this time I spent in
putting all my things in order within doors.

January 1.—Very hot still: but I went abroad early and late with my
gun, and lay still in the middle of the day. This evening, going
farther into the valleys which lay towards the centre of the island, I
found there were plenty of goats, though exceedingly shy, and hard to
come at; however, I resolved to try if I could not bring my dog to hunt
them down.

Jan. 2.—Accordingly, the next day I went out with my dog, and set him
upon the goats, but I was mistaken, for they all faced about upon the
dog, and he knew his danger too well, for he would not come near them.

Jan. 3.—I began my fence or wall; which, being still jealous of my
being attacked by somebody, I resolved to make very thick and strong.

N.B.—This wall being described before, I purposely omit what was said
in the journal; it is sufficient to observe, that I was no less time
than from the 2nd of January to the 14th of April working, finishing,
and perfecting this wall, though it was no more than about twenty-four
yards in length, being a half-circle from one place in the rock to
another place, about eight yards from it, the door of the cave being in
the centre behind it.

All this time I worked very hard, the rains hindering me many days,
nay, sometimes weeks together; but I thought I should never be
perfectly secure till this wall was finished; and it is scarce credible
what inexpressible labour everything was done with, especially the
bringing piles out of the woods and driving them into the ground; for I
made them much bigger than I needed to have done.

When this wall was finished, and the outside double fenced, with a turf
wall raised up close to it, I perceived myself that if any people were
to come on shore there, they would not perceive anything like a
habitation; and it was very well I did so, as may be observed
hereafter, upon a very remarkable occasion.

During this time I made my rounds in the woods for game every day when
the rain permitted me, and made frequent discoveries in these walks of
something or other to my advantage; particularly, I found a kind of
wild pigeons, which build, not as wood-pigeons in a tree, but rather as
house-pigeons, in the holes of the rocks; and taking some young ones, I
endeavoured to breed them up tame, and did so; but when they grew older
they flew away, which perhaps was at first for want of feeding them,
for I had nothing to give them; however, I frequently found their
nests, and got their young ones, which were very good meat. And now, in
the managing my household affairs, I found myself wanting in many
things, which I thought at first it was impossible for me to make; as,
indeed, with some of them it was: for instance, I could never make a
cask to be hooped. I had a small runlet or two, as I observed before;
but I could never arrive at the capacity of making one by them, though
I spent many weeks about it; I could neither put in the heads, or join
the staves so true to one another as to make them hold water; so I gave
that also over. In the next place, I was at a great loss for candles;
so that as soon as ever it was dark, which was generally by seven
o’clock, I was obliged to go to bed. I remembered the lump of beeswax
with which I made candles in my African adventure; but I had none of
that now; the only remedy I had was, that when I had killed a goat I
saved the tallow, and with a little dish made of clay, which I baked in
the sun, to which I added a wick of some oakum, I made me a lamp; and
this gave me light, though not a clear, steady light, like a candle. In
the middle of all my labours it happened that, rummaging my things, I
found a little bag which, as I hinted before, had been filled with corn
for the feeding of poultry—not for this voyage, but before, as I
suppose, when the ship came from Lisbon. The little remainder of corn
that had been in the bag was all devoured by the rats, and I saw
nothing in the bag but husks and dust; and being willing to have the
bag for some other use (I think it was to put powder in, when I divided
it for fear of the lightning, or some such use), I shook the husks of
corn out of it on one side of my fortification, under the rock.

It was a little before the great rains just now mentioned that I threw
this stuff away, taking no notice, and not so much as remembering that
I had thrown anything there, when, about a month after, or thereabouts,
I saw some few stalks of something green shooting out of the ground,
which I fancied might be some plant I had not seen; but I was
surprised, and perfectly astonished, when, after a little longer time,
I saw about ten or twelve ears come out, which were perfect green
barley, of the same kind as our European—nay, as our English barley.

It is impossible to express the astonishment and confusion of my
thoughts on this occasion. I had hitherto acted upon no religious
foundation at all; indeed, I had very few notions of religion in my
head, nor had entertained any sense of anything that had befallen me
otherwise than as chance, or, as we lightly say, what pleases God,
without so much as inquiring into the end of Providence in these
things, or His order in governing events for the world. But after I saw
barley grow there, in a climate which I knew was not proper for corn,
and especially that I knew not how it came there, it startled me
strangely, and I began to suggest that God had miraculously caused His
grain to grow without any help of seed sown, and that it was so
directed purely for my sustenance on that wild, miserable place.

This touched my heart a little, and brought tears out of my eyes, and I
began to bless myself that such a prodigy of nature should happen upon
my account; and this was the more strange to me, because I saw near it
still, all along by the side of the rock, some other straggling stalks,
which proved to be stalks of rice, and which I knew, because I had seen
it grow in Africa when I was ashore there.

I not only thought these the pure productions of Providence for my
support, but not doubting that there was more in the place, I went all
over that part of the island, where I had been before, peering in every
corner, and under every rock, to see for more of it, but I could not
find any. At last it occurred to my thoughts that I shook a bag of
chickens’ meat out in that place; and then the wonder began to cease;
and I must confess my religious thankfulness to God’s providence began
to abate, too, upon the discovering that all this was nothing but what
was common; though I ought to have been as thankful for so strange and
unforeseen a providence as if it had been miraculous; for it was really
the work of Providence to me, that should order or appoint that ten or
twelve grains of corn should remain unspoiled, when the rats had
destroyed all the rest, as if it had been dropped from heaven; as also,
that I should throw it out in that particular place, where, it being in
the shade of a high rock, it sprang up immediately; whereas, if I had
thrown it anywhere else at that time, it had been burnt up and
destroyed.

I carefully saved the ears of this corn, you may be sure, in their
season, which was about the end of June; and, laying up every corn, I
resolved to sow them all again, hoping in time to have some quantity
sufficient to supply me with bread. But it was not till the fourth year
that I could allow myself the least grain of this corn to eat, and even
then but sparingly, as I shall say afterwards, in its order; for I lost
all that I sowed the first season by not observing the proper time; for
I sowed it just before the dry season, so that it never came up at all,
at least not as it would have done; of which in its place.

Besides this barley, there were, as above, twenty or thirty stalks of
rice, which I preserved with the same care and for the same use, or to
the same purpose—to make me bread, or rather food; for I found ways to
cook it without baking, though I did that also after some time.

But to return to my Journal.

I worked excessive hard these three or four months to get my wall done;
and the 14th of April I closed it up, contriving to go into it, not by
a door but over the wall, by a ladder, that there might be no sign on
the outside of my habitation.

April 16.—I finished the ladder; so I went up the ladder to the top,
and then pulled it up after me, and let it down in the inside. This was
a complete enclosure to me; for within I had room enough, and nothing
could come at me from without, unless it could first mount my wall.

The very next day after this wall was finished I had almost had all my
labour overthrown at once, and myself killed. The case was thus: As I
was busy in the inside, behind my tent, just at the entrance into my
cave, I was terribly frighted with a most dreadful, surprising thing
indeed; for all on a sudden I found the earth come crumbling down from
the roof of my cave, and from the edge of the hill over my head, and
two of the posts I had set up in the cave cracked in a frightful
manner. I was heartily scared; but thought nothing of what was really
the cause, only thinking that the top of my cave was fallen in, as some
of it had done before: and for fear I should be buried in it I ran
forward to my ladder, and not thinking myself safe there neither, I got
over my wall for fear of the pieces of the hill, which I expected might
roll down upon me. I had no sooner stepped down upon the firm ground,
than I plainly saw it was a terrible earthquake, for the ground I stood
on shook three times at about eight minutes’ distance, with three such
shocks as would have overturned the strongest building that could be
supposed to have stood on the earth; and a great piece of the top of a
rock which stood about half a mile from me next the sea fell down with
such a terrible noise as I never heard in all my life. I perceived also
the very sea was put into violent motion by it; and I believe the
shocks were stronger under the water than on the island.

I was so much amazed with the thing itself, having never felt the like,
nor discoursed with any one that had, that I was like one dead or
stupefied; and the motion of the earth made my stomach sick, like one
that was tossed at sea; but the noise of the falling of the rock
awakened me, as it were, and rousing me from the stupefied condition I
was in, filled me with horror; and I thought of nothing then but the
hill falling upon my tent and all my household goods, and burying all
at once; and this sunk my very soul within me a second time.

After the third shock was over, and I felt no more for some time, I
began to take courage; and yet I had not heart enough to go over my
wall again, for fear of being buried alive, but sat still upon the
ground greatly cast down and disconsolate, not knowing what to do. All
this while I had not the least serious religious thought; nothing but
the common “Lord have mercy upon me!” and when it was over that went
away too.

While I sat thus, I found the air overcast and grow cloudy, as if it
would rain. Soon after that the wind arose by little and little, so
that in less than half-an-hour it blew a most dreadful hurricane; the
sea was all on a sudden covered over with foam and froth; the shore was
covered with the breach of the water, the trees were torn up by the
roots, and a terrible storm it was. This held about three hours, and
then began to abate; and in two hours more it was quite calm, and began
to rain very hard. All this while I sat upon the ground very much
terrified and dejected; when on a sudden it came into my thoughts, that
these winds and rain being the consequences of the earthquake, the
earthquake itself was spent and over, and I might venture into my cave
again. With this thought my spirits began to revive; and the rain also
helping to persuade me, I went in and sat down in my tent. But the rain
was so violent that my tent was ready to be beaten down with it; and I
was forced to go into my cave, though very much afraid and uneasy, for
fear it should fall on my head. This violent rain forced me to a new
work—viz. to cut a hole through my new fortification, like a sink, to
let the water go out, which would else have flooded my cave. After I
had been in my cave for some time, and found still no more shocks of
the earthquake follow, I began to be more composed. And now, to support
my spirits, which indeed wanted it very much, I went to my little
store, and took a small sup of rum; which, however, I did then and
always very sparingly, knowing I could have no more when that was gone.
It continued raining all that night and great part of the next day, so
that I could not stir abroad; but my mind being more composed, I began
to think of what I had best do; concluding that if the island was
subject to these earthquakes, there would be no living for me in a
cave, but I must consider of building a little hut in an open place
which I might surround with a wall, as I had done here, and so make
myself secure from wild beasts or men; for I concluded, if I stayed
where I was, I should certainly one time or other be buried alive.

With these thoughts, I resolved to remove my tent from the place where
it stood, which was just under the hanging precipice of the hill; and
which, if it should be shaken again, would certainly fall upon my tent;
and I spent the two next days, being the 19th and 20th of April, in
contriving where and how to remove my habitation. The fear of being
swallowed up alive made me that I never slept in quiet; and yet the
apprehension of lying abroad without any fence was almost equal to it;
but still, when I looked about, and saw how everything was put in
order, how pleasantly concealed I was, and how safe from danger, it
made me very loath to remove. In the meantime, it occurred to me that
it would require a vast deal of time for me to do this, and that I must
be contented to venture where I was, till I had formed a camp for
myself, and had secured it so as to remove to it. So with this
resolution I composed myself for a time, and resolved that I would go
to work with all speed to build me a wall with piles and cables, &c.,
in a circle, as before, and set my tent up in it when it was finished;
but that I would venture to stay where I was till it was finished, and
fit to remove. This was the 21st.

April 22.—The next morning I begin to consider of means to put this
resolve into execution; but I was at a great loss about my tools. I had
three large axes, and abundance of hatchets (for we carried the
hatchets for traffic with the Indians); but with much chopping and
cutting knotty hard wood, they were all full of notches, and dull; and
though I had a grindstone, I could not turn it and grind my tools too.
This cost me as much thought as a statesman would have bestowed upon a
grand point of politics, or a judge upon the life and death of a man.
At length I contrived a wheel with a string, to turn it with my foot,
that I might have both my hands at liberty. Note.—I had never seen
any such thing in England, or at least, not to take notice how it was
done, though since I have observed, it is very common there; besides
that, my grindstone was very large and heavy. This machine cost me a
full week’s work to bring it to perfection.

April 28, 29.—These two whole days I took up in grinding my tools, my
machine for turning my grindstone performing very well.

April 30.—Having perceived my bread had been low a great while, now I
took a survey of it, and reduced myself to one biscuit cake a day,
which made my heart very heavy.

May 1.—In the morning, looking towards the sea side, the tide being
low, I saw something lie on the shore bigger than ordinary, and it
looked like a cask; when I came to it, I found a small barrel, and two
or three pieces of the wreck of the ship, which were driven on shore by
the late hurricane; and looking towards the wreck itself, I thought it
seemed to lie higher out of the water than it used to do. I examined
the barrel which was driven on shore, and soon found it was a barrel of
gunpowder; but it had taken water, and the powder was caked as hard as
a stone; however, I rolled it farther on shore for the present, and
went on upon the sands, as near as I could to the wreck of the ship, to
look for more.