Robinson Crusoe

INDS PRINT OF MAN’S FOOT ON THE SAND

It would have made a Stoic smile to have seen me and my little family
sit down to dinner. There was my majesty the prince and lord of the
whole island; I had the lives of all my subjects at my absolute
command; I could hang, draw, give liberty, and take it away, and no
rebels among all my subjects. Then, to see how like a king I dined,
too, all alone, attended by my servants! Poll, as if he had been my
favourite, was the only person permitted to talk to me. My dog, who was
now grown old and crazy, and had found no species to multiply his kind
upon, sat always at my right hand; and two cats, one on one side of the
table and one on the other, expecting now and then a bit from my hand,
as a mark of especial favour.

But these were not the two cats which I brought on shore at first, for
they were both of them dead, and had been interred near my habitation
by my own hand; but one of them having multiplied by I know not what
kind of creature, these were two which I had preserved tame; whereas
the rest ran wild in the woods, and became indeed troublesome to me at
last, for they would often come into my house, and plunder me too, till
at last I was obliged to shoot them, and did kill a great many; at
length they left me. With this attendance and in this plentiful manner
I lived; neither could I be said to want anything but society; and of
that, some time after this, I was likely to have too much.

I was something impatient, as I have observed, to have the use of my
boat, though very loath to run any more hazards; and therefore
sometimes I sat contriving ways to get her about the island, and at
other times I sat myself down contented enough without her. But I had a
strange uneasiness in my mind to go down to the point of the island
where, as I have said in my last ramble, I went up the hill to see how
the shore lay, and how the current set, that I might see what I had to
do: this inclination increased upon me every day, and at length I
resolved to travel thither by land, following the edge of the shore. I
did so; but had any one in England met such a man as I was, it must
either have frightened him, or raised a great deal of laughter; and as
I frequently stood still to look at myself, I could not but smile at
the notion of my travelling through Yorkshire with such an equipage,
and in such a dress. Be pleased to take a sketch of my figure, as
follows.

I had a great high shapeless cap, made of a goat’s skin, with a flap
hanging down behind, as well to keep the sun from me as to shoot the
rain off from running into my neck, nothing being so hurtful in these
climates as the rain upon the flesh under the clothes.

I had a short jacket of goat’s skin, the skirts coming down to about
the middle of the thighs, and a pair of open-kneed breeches of the
same; the breeches were made of the skin of an old he-goat, whose hair
hung down such a length on either side that, like pantaloons, it
reached to the middle of my legs; stockings and shoes I had none, but
had made me a pair of somethings, I scarce knew what to call them, like
buskins, to flap over my legs, and lace on either side like
spatterdashes, but of a most barbarous shape, as indeed were all the
rest of my clothes.

I had on a broad belt of goat’s skin dried, which I drew together with
two thongs of the same instead of buckles, and in a kind of a frog on
either side of this, instead of a sword and dagger, hung a little saw
and a hatchet, one on one side and one on the other. I had another belt
not so broad, and fastened in the same manner, which hung over my
shoulder, and at the end of it, under my left arm, hung two pouches,
both made of goat’s skin too, in one of which hung my powder, in the
other my shot. At my back I carried my basket, and on my shoulder my
gun, and over my head a great clumsy, ugly, goat’s-skin umbrella, but
which, after all, was the most necessary thing I had about me next to
my gun. As for my face, the colour of it was really not so mulatto-like
as one might expect from a man not at all careful of it, and living
within nine or ten degrees of the equinox. My beard I had once suffered
to grow till it was about a quarter of a yard long; but as I had both
scissors and razors sufficient, I had cut it pretty short, except what
grew on my upper lip, which I had trimmed into a large pair of
Mahometan whiskers, such as I had seen worn by some Turks at Sallee,
for the Moors did not wear such, though the Turks did; of these
moustachios, or whiskers, I will not say they were long enough to hang
my hat upon them, but they were of a length and shape monstrous enough,
and such as in England would have passed for frightful.

But all this is by-the-bye; for as to my figure, I had so few to
observe me that it was of no manner of consequence, so I say no more of
that. In this kind of dress I went my new journey, and was out five or
six days. I travelled first along the sea-shore, directly to the place
where I first brought my boat to an anchor to get upon the rocks; and
having no boat now to take care of, I went over the land a nearer way
to the same height that I was upon before, when, looking forward to the
points of the rocks which lay out, and which I was obliged to double
with my boat, as is said above, I was surprised to see the sea all
smooth and quiet—no rippling, no motion, no current, any more there
than in other places. I was at a strange loss to understand this, and
resolved to spend some time in the observing it, to see if nothing from
the sets of the tide had occasioned it; but I was presently convinced
how it was—viz. that the tide of ebb setting from the west, and joining
with the current of waters from some great river on the shore, must be
the occasion of this current, and that, according as the wind blew more
forcibly from the west or from the north, this current came nearer or
went farther from the shore; for, waiting thereabouts till evening, I
went up to the rock again, and then the tide of ebb being made, I
plainly saw the current again as before, only that it ran farther off,
being near half a league from the shore, whereas in my case it set
close upon the shore, and hurried me and my canoe along with it, which
at another time it would not have done.

This observation convinced me that I had nothing to do but to observe
the ebbing and the flowing of the tide, and I might very easily bring
my boat about the island again; but when I began to think of putting it
in practice, I had such terror upon my spirits at the remembrance of
the danger I had been in, that I could not think of it again with any
patience, but, on the contrary, I took up another resolution, which was
more safe, though more laborious—and this was, that I would build, or
rather make, me another periagua or canoe, and so have one for one side
of the island, and one for the other.

You are to understand that now I had, as I may call it, two plantations
in the island—one my little fortification or tent, with the wall about
it, under the rock, with the cave behind me, which by this time I had
enlarged into several apartments or caves, one within another. One of
these, which was the driest and largest, and had a door out beyond my
wall or fortification—that is to say, beyond where my wall joined to
the rock—was all filled up with the large earthen pots of which I have
given an account, and with fourteen or fifteen great baskets, which
would hold five or six bushels each, where I laid up my stores of
provisions, especially my corn, some in the ear, cut off short from the
straw, and the other rubbed out with my hand.

As for my wall, made, as before, with long stakes or piles, those piles
grew all like trees, and were by this time grown so big, and spread so
very much, that there was not the least appearance, to any one’s view,
of any habitation behind them.

Near this dwelling of mine, but a little farther within the land, and
upon lower ground, lay my two pieces of corn land, which I kept duly
cultivated and sowed, and which duly yielded me their harvest in its
season; and whenever I had occasion for more corn, I had more land
adjoining as fit as that.

Besides this, I had my country seat, and I had now a tolerable
plantation there also; for, first, I had my little bower, as I called
it, which I kept in repair—that is to say, I kept the hedge which
encircled it in constantly fitted up to its usual height, the ladder
standing always in the inside. I kept the trees, which at first were no
more than stakes, but were now grown very firm and tall, always cut, so
that they might spread and grow thick and wild, and make the more
agreeable shade, which they did effectually to my mind. In the middle
of this I had my tent always standing, being a piece of a sail spread
over poles, set up for that purpose, and which never wanted any repair
or renewing; and under this I had made me a squab or couch with the
skins of the creatures I had killed, and with other soft things, and a
blanket laid on them, such as belonged to our sea-bedding, which I had
saved; and a great watch-coat to cover me. And here, whenever I had
occasion to be absent from my chief seat, I took up my country
habitation.

Adjoining to this I had my enclosures for my cattle, that is to say my
goats, and I had taken an inconceivable deal of pains to fence and
enclose this ground. I was so anxious to see it kept entire, lest the
goats should break through, that I never left off till, with infinite
labour, I had stuck the outside of the hedge so full of small stakes,
and so near to one another, that it was rather a pale than a hedge, and
there was scarce room to put a hand through between them; which
afterwards, when those stakes grew, as they all did in the next rainy
season, made the enclosure strong like a wall, indeed stronger than any
wall.

This will testify for me that I was not idle, and that I spared no
pains to bring to pass whatever appeared necessary for my comfortable
support, for I considered the keeping up a breed of tame creatures thus
at my hand would be a living magazine of flesh, milk, butter, and
cheese for me as long as I lived in the place, if it were to be forty
years; and that keeping them in my reach depended entirely upon my
perfecting my enclosures to such a degree that I might be sure of
keeping them together; which by this method, indeed, I so effectually
secured, that when these little stakes began to grow, I had planted
them so very thick that I was forced to pull some of them up again.

In this place also I had my grapes growing, which I principally
depended on for my winter store of raisins, and which I never failed to
preserve very carefully, as the best and most agreeable dainty of my
whole diet; and indeed they were not only agreeable, but medicinal,
wholesome, nourishing, and refreshing to the last degree.

As this was also about half-way between my other habitation and the
place where I had laid up my boat, I generally stayed and lay here in
my way thither, for I used frequently to visit my boat; and I kept all
things about or belonging to her in very good order. Sometimes I went
out in her to divert myself, but no more hazardous voyages would I go,
scarcely ever above a stone’s cast or two from the shore, I was so
apprehensive of being hurried out of my knowledge again by the currents
or winds, or any other accident. But now I come to a new scene of my
life.

It happened one day, about noon, going towards my boat, I was
exceedingly surprised with the print of a man’s naked foot on the
shore, which was very plain to be seen on the sand. I stood like one
thunderstruck, or as if I had seen an apparition. I listened, I looked
round me, but I could hear nothing, nor see anything; I went up to a
rising ground to look farther; I went up the shore and down the shore,
but it was all one; I could see no other impression but that one. I
went to it again to see if there were any more, and to observe if it
might not be my fancy; but there was no room for that, for there was
exactly the print of a foot—toes, heel, and every part of a foot. How
it came thither I knew not, nor could I in the least imagine; but after
innumerable fluttering thoughts, like a man perfectly confused and out
of myself, I came home to my fortification, not feeling, as we say, the
ground I went on, but terrified to the last degree, looking behind me
at every two or three steps, mistaking every bush and tree, and
fancying every stump at a distance to be a man. Nor is it possible to
describe how many various shapes my affrighted imagination represented
things to me in, how many wild ideas were found every moment in my
fancy, and what strange, unaccountable whimsies came into my thoughts
by the way.

When I came to my castle (for so I think I called it ever after this),
I fled into it like one pursued. Whether I went over by the ladder, as
first contrived, or went in at the hole in the rock, which I had called
a door, I cannot remember; no, nor could I remember the next morning,
for never frightened hare fled to cover, or fox to earth, with more
terror of mind than I to this retreat.

I slept none that night; the farther I was from the occasion of my
fright, the greater my apprehensions were, which is something contrary
to the nature of such things, and especially to the usual practice of
all creatures in fear; but I was so embarrassed with my own frightful
ideas of the thing, that I formed nothing but dismal imaginations to
myself, even though I was now a great way off. Sometimes I fancied it
must be the devil, and reason joined in with me in this supposition,
for how should any other thing in human shape come into the place?
Where was the vessel that brought them? What marks were there of any
other footstep? And how was it possible a man should come there? But
then, to think that Satan should take human shape upon him in such a
place, where there could be no manner of occasion for it, but to leave
the print of his foot behind him, and that even for no purpose too, for
he could not be sure I should see it—this was an amusement the other
way. I considered that the devil might have found out abundance of
other ways to have terrified me than this of the single print of a
foot; that as I lived quite on the other side of the island, he would
never have been so simple as to leave a mark in a place where it was
ten thousand to one whether I should ever see it or not, and in the
sand too, which the first surge of the sea, upon a high wind, would
have defaced entirely. All this seemed inconsistent with the thing
itself and with all the notions we usually entertain of the subtlety of
the devil.

Abundance of such things as these assisted to argue me out of all
apprehensions of its being the devil; and I presently concluded then
that it must be some more dangerous creature—viz. that it must be some
of the savages of the mainland opposite who had wandered out to sea in
their canoes, and either driven by the currents or by contrary winds,
had made the island, and had been on shore, but were gone away again to
sea; being as loath, perhaps, to have stayed in this desolate island as
I would have been to have had them.

While these reflections were rolling in my mind, I was very thankful in
my thoughts that I was so happy as not to be thereabouts at that time,
or that they did not see my boat, by which they would have concluded
that some inhabitants had been in the place, and perhaps have searched
farther for me. Then terrible thoughts racked my imagination about
their having found out my boat, and that there were people here; and
that, if so, I should certainly have them come again in greater numbers
and devour me; that if it should happen that they should not find me,
yet they would find my enclosure, destroy all my corn, and carry away
all my flock of tame goats, and I should perish at last for mere want.

Thus my fear banished all my religious hope, all that former confidence
in God, which was founded upon such wonderful experience as I had had
of His goodness; as if He that had fed me by miracle hitherto could not
preserve, by His power, the provision which He had made for me by His
goodness. I reproached myself with my laziness, that would not sow any
more corn one year than would just serve me till the next season, as if
no accident could intervene to prevent my enjoying the crop that was
upon the ground; and this I thought so just a reproof, that I resolved
for the future to have two or three years’ corn beforehand; so that,
whatever might come, I might not perish for want of bread.

How strange a chequer-work of Providence is the life of man! and by
what secret different springs are the affections hurried about, as
different circumstances present! To-day we love what to-morrow we hate;
to-day we seek what to-morrow we shun; to-day we desire what to-morrow
we fear, nay, even tremble at the apprehensions of. This was
exemplified in me, at this time, in the most lively manner imaginable;
for I, whose only affliction was that I seemed banished from human
society, that I was alone, circumscribed by the boundless ocean, cut
off from mankind, and condemned to what I call silent life; that I was
as one whom Heaven thought not worthy to be numbered among the living,
or to appear among the rest of His creatures; that to have seen one of
my own species would have seemed to me a raising me from death to life,
and the greatest blessing that Heaven itself, next to the supreme
blessing of salvation, could bestow; I say, that I should now tremble
at the very apprehensions of seeing a man, and was ready to sink into
the ground at but the shadow or silent appearance of a man having set
his foot in the island.

Such is the uneven state of human life; and it afforded me a great many
curious speculations afterwards, when I had a little recovered my first
surprise. I considered that this was the station of life the infinitely
wise and good providence of God had determined for me; that as I could
not foresee what the ends of Divine wisdom might be in all this, so I
was not to dispute His sovereignty; who, as I was His creature, had an
undoubted right, by creation, to govern and dispose of me absolutely as
He thought fit; and who, as I was a creature that had offended Him, had
likewise a judicial right to condemn me to what punishment He thought
fit; and that it was my part to submit to bear His indignation, because
I had sinned against Him. I then reflected, that as God, who was not
only righteous but omnipotent, had thought fit thus to punish and
afflict me, so He was able to deliver me: that if He did not think fit
to do so, it was my unquestioned duty to resign myself absolutely and
entirely to His will; and, on the other hand, it was my duty also to
hope in Him, pray to Him, and quietly to attend to the dictates and
directions of His daily providence.

These thoughts took me up many hours, days, nay, I may say weeks and
months: and one particular effect of my cogitations on this occasion I
cannot omit. One morning early, lying in my bed, and filled with
thoughts about my danger from the appearances of savages, I found it
discomposed me very much; upon which these words of the Scripture came
into my thoughts, “Call upon Me in the day of trouble, and I will
deliver thee, and thou shalt glorify Me.” Upon this, rising cheerfully
out of my bed, my heart was not only comforted, but I was guided and
encouraged to pray earnestly to God for deliverance: when I had done
praying I took up my Bible, and opening it to read, the first words
that presented to me were, “Wait on the Lord, and be of good cheer, and
He shall strengthen thy heart; wait, I say, on the Lord.” It is
impossible to express the comfort this gave me. In answer, I thankfully
laid down the book, and was no more sad, at least on that occasion.

In the middle of these cogitations, apprehensions, and reflections, it
came into my thoughts one day that all this might be a mere chimera of
my own, and that this foot might be the print of my own foot, when I
came on shore from my boat: this cheered me up a little, too, and I
began to persuade myself it was all a delusion; that it was nothing
else but my own foot; and why might I not come that way from the boat,
as well as I was going that way to the boat? Again, I considered also
that I could by no means tell for certain where I had trod, and where I
had not; and that if, at last, this was only the print of my own foot,
I had played the part of those fools who try to make stories of
spectres and apparitions, and then are frightened at them more than
anybody.

Now I began to take courage, and to peep abroad again, for I had not
stirred out of my castle for three days and nights, so that I began to
starve for provisions; for I had little or nothing within doors but
some barley-cakes and water; then I knew that my goats wanted to be
milked too, which usually was my evening diversion: and the poor
creatures were in great pain and inconvenience for want of it; and,
indeed, it almost spoiled some of them, and almost dried up their milk.
Encouraging myself, therefore, with the belief that this was nothing
but the print of one of my own feet, and that I might be truly said to
start at my own shadow, I began to go abroad again, and went to my
country house to milk my flock: but to see with what fear I went
forward, how often I looked behind me, how I was ready every now and
then to lay down my basket and run for my life, it would have made any
one have thought I was haunted with an evil conscience, or that I had
been lately most terribly frightened; and so, indeed, I had. However, I
went down thus two or three days, and having seen nothing, I began to
be a little bolder, and to think there was really nothing in it but my
own imagination; but I could not persuade myself fully of this till I
should go down to the shore again, and see this print of a foot, and
measure it by my own, and see if there was any similitude or fitness,
that I might be assured it was my own foot: but when I came to the
place, first, it appeared evidently to me, that when I laid up my boat
I could not possibly be on shore anywhere thereabouts; secondly, when I
came to measure the mark with my own foot, I found my foot not so large
by a great deal. Both these things filled my head with new
imaginations, and gave me the vapours again to the highest degree, so
that I shook with cold like one in an ague; and I went home again,
filled with the belief that some man or men had been on shore there;
or, in short, that the island was inhabited, and I might be surprised
before I was aware; and what course to take for my security I knew not.

Oh, what ridiculous resolutions men take when possessed with fear! It
deprives them of the use of those means which reason offers for their
relief. The first thing I proposed to myself was, to throw down my
enclosures, and turn all my tame cattle wild into the woods, lest the
enemy should find them, and then frequent the island in prospect of the
same or the like booty: then the simple thing of digging up my two
corn-fields, lest they should find such a grain there, and still be
prompted to frequent the island: then to demolish my bower and tent,
that they might not see any vestiges of habitation, and be prompted to
look farther, in order to find out the persons inhabiting.

These were the subject of the first night’s cogitations after I was
come home again, while the apprehensions which had so overrun my mind
were fresh upon me, and my head was full of vapours. Thus, fear of
danger is ten thousand times more terrifying than danger itself, when
apparent to the eyes; and we find the burden of anxiety greater, by
much, than the evil which we are anxious about: and what was worse than
all this, I had not that relief in this trouble that from the
resignation I used to practise I hoped to have. I looked, I thought,
like Saul, who complained not only that the Philistines were upon him,
but that God had forsaken him; for I did not now take due ways to
compose my mind, by crying to God in my distress, and resting upon His
providence, as I had done before, for my defence and deliverance;
which, if I had done, I had at least been more cheerfully supported
under this new surprise, and perhaps carried through it with more
resolution.

This confusion of my thoughts kept me awake all night; but in the
morning I fell asleep; and having, by the amusement of my mind, been as
it were tired, and my spirits exhausted, I slept very soundly, and
waked much better composed than I had ever been before. And now I began
to think sedately; and, upon debate with myself, I concluded that this
island (which was so exceedingly pleasant, fruitful, and no farther
from the mainland than as I had seen) was not so entirely abandoned as
I might imagine; that although there were no stated inhabitants who
lived on the spot, yet that there might sometimes come boats off from
the shore, who, either with design, or perhaps never but when they were
driven by cross winds, might come to this place; that I had lived there
fifteen years now and had not met with the least shadow or figure of
any people yet; and that, if at any time they should be driven here, it
was probable they went away again as soon as ever they could, seeing
they had never thought fit to fix here upon any occasion; that the most
I could suggest any danger from was from any casual accidental landing
of straggling people from the main, who, as it was likely, if they were
driven hither, were here against their wills, so they made no stay
here, but went off again with all possible speed; seldom staying one
night on shore, lest they should not have the help of the tides and
daylight back again; and that, therefore, I had nothing to do but to
consider of some safe retreat, in case I should see any savages land
upon the spot.

Now, I began sorely to repent that I had dug my cave so large as to
bring a door through again, which door, as I said, came out beyond
where my fortification joined to the rock: upon maturely considering
this, therefore, I resolved to draw me a second fortification, in the
manner of a semicircle, at a distance from my wall, just where I had
planted a double row of trees about twelve years before, of which I
made mention: these trees having been planted so thick before, they
wanted but few piles to be driven between them, that they might be
thicker and stronger, and my wall would be soon finished. So that I had
now a double wall; and my outer wall was thickened with pieces of
timber, old cables, and everything I could think of, to make it strong;
having in it seven little holes, about as big as I might put my arm out
at. In the inside of this I thickened my wall to about ten feet thick
with continually bringing earth out of my cave, and laying it at the
foot of the wall, and walking upon it; and through the seven holes I
contrived to plant the muskets, of which I took notice that I had got
seven on shore out of the ship; these I planted like my cannon, and
fitted them into frames, that held them like a carriage, so that I
could fire all the seven guns in two minutes’ time; this wall I was
many a weary month in finishing, and yet never thought myself safe till
it was done.

When this was done I stuck all the ground without my wall, for a great
length every way, as full with stakes or sticks of the osier-like wood,
which I found so apt to grow, as they could well stand; insomuch that I
believe I might set in near twenty thousand of them, leaving a pretty
large space between them and my wall, that I might have room to see an
enemy, and they might have no shelter from the young trees, if they
attempted to approach my outer wall.

Thus in two years’ time I had a thick grove; and in five or six years’
time I had a wood before my dwelling, growing so monstrously thick and
strong that it was indeed perfectly impassable: and no men, of what
kind soever, could ever imagine that there was anything beyond it, much
less a habitation. As for the way which I proposed to myself to go in
and out (for I left no avenue), it was by setting two ladders, one to a
part of the rock which was low, and then broke in, and left room to
place another ladder upon that; so when the two ladders were taken down
no man living could come down to me without doing himself mischief; and
if they had come down, they were still on the outside of my outer wall.

Thus I took all the measures human prudence could suggest for my own
preservation; and it will be seen at length that they were not
altogether without just reason; though I foresaw nothing at that time
more than my mere fear suggested to me.