An excerpt from the original text.(complete · 886 words)
hat whatever appears to be the proper object of gratitude, appears to deserve reward; and that, in the same manner, whatever appears to be the proper object of resentment, appears to deserve punishment.
To us, therefore, that action must appear to deserve
reward, which appears to be the proper and
approved object of that sentiment, which most immediately
and directly prompts us to reward, or to
do good to another. And in the same manner,
that action must appear to deserve punishment,
which appears to be the proper and approved object
of that sentiment which most immediately and directly
prompts us to publish, or inflict evil upon
another.
99The sentiment which most immediately and directly
prompts us to reward, is gratitude; that which
most immediately and directly prompts us to punish,
is resentment.
To us, therefore, that action must appear to deserve
reward, which appears to be the proper and approved
object of gratitude; as, on the other hand,
that action must appear to deserve punishment,
which appears to be the proper and approved object
of resentment.
To reward, is to recompense, to remunerate, to
return good for good received. To punish, too, is
to recompense, to remunerate, though in a different
manner; it is to return evil for evil that has been
done.
There are some other passions, besides gratitude
and resentment, which interest us in the happiness or
misery of others; but there are none which so directly
excite us to be the instruments of either. The
love and esteem which grow upon acquaintance and
habitual approbation, necessarily lead us to be pleased
with the good fortune of the man who is the object
of such agreeable emotions, and consequently, to be
willing to lend a hand to promote it. Our love,
however, is fully satisfied, though his good fortune
should be brought about without our assistance. All
that this passion desires is to see him happy, without
regarding who was the author of his prosperity. But
gratitude is not to be satisfied in this manner. If the
person to whom we owe many obligations, is made
happy without our assistance, though it pleases our
love, it does not content our gratitude. Till we
100have recompensed him, till we ourselves have been
instrumental in promoting his happiness, we feel ourselves
still loaded with that debt which his past services
have laid upon us.
The hatred and dislike, in the same manner,
which grow upon habitual disapprobation, would often
lead us to take a malicious pleasure in the misfortune
of the man whose conduct and character excite
so painful a passion. But though dislike and hatred
harden us against all sympathy, and sometimes dispose
us even to rejoice at the distress of another, yet,
if there is no resentment in the case, if neither we
nor our friends have received any great personal provocation,
these passions would not naturally lead us to
wish to be instrumental in bringing it about. Tho’
we could fear no punishment in consequence of our
having had some hand it, we would rather that it
should happen by other means. To one under the
dominion of violent hatred it would be agreeable,
perhaps, to hear, that the person whom he abhorred
and detested was killed by some accident. But if he
had the least spark of justice, which, though this passion
is not very favourable to virtue, he might still
have, it would hurt him excessively to have been himself,
even without design, the occasion of this misfortune.
Much more would the very thought of voluntarily
contributing to it shock him beyond all measure.
He would reject with horror even the imagination of
so execrable a design; and if he could imagine himself
capable of such an enormity, he would begin to
regard himself in the same odious light in which he
had considered the person who was the object of
his dislike. But it is quite otherwise with resentment:
101if the person who had done us some great injury,
who had murdered our father or our brother, for example,
should soon afterwards die of a fever, or even
be brought to the scaffold upon account of some other
crime, though it might sooth our hatred, it would not
fully gratify our resentment. Resentment would
prompt us to desire, not only that he should be punished,
but that he should be punished by our means,
and upon account of that particular injury which he
had done to us. Resentment cannot be fully gratified,
unless the offender is not only made to grieve in
his turn, but to grieve for that particular wrong
which we have suffered from him. He must be
made to repent and be sorry for this very action, that
others, through fear of the like punishment, may be
terrified from being guilty of the like offence. The
natural gratification of this passion tends, of its own
accord, to produce all the political ends of punishment;
the correction of the criminal, and the example
to the public.
Gratitude and resentment, therefore, are the sentiments
which most immediately and directly prompt
to reward and to punish. To us, therefore, he must
appear to deserve reward, who appears to be the
proper and approved object of gratitude; and he to
deserve punishment, who appears to be that of resentment.
102
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Let's Analyse the Pattern
Humans need personal involvement in both rewarding good deeds and punishing wrongs to feel that justice has been served.
Why This Matters
Connect literature to life
This chapter teaches how to distinguish between general dislike and legitimate resentment that requires action.
Practice This Today
This week, notice when someone's misfortune feels satisfying versus when you feel driven to personally address a wrong—that difference signals where you need to take action.
Now let's explore the literary elements.
Key Quotes & Analysis
"To reward, is to recompense, to remunerate, to return good for good received. To punish, too, is to recompense, to remunerate, though in a different manner; it is to return evil for evil that has been done."
Context: Smith explains how both reward and punishment serve the same basic function of balancing moral accounts.
This reveals Smith's core insight that justice isn't about being nice or mean—it's about maintaining moral equilibrium. Both positive and negative consequences serve the essential function of keeping society's moral books balanced.
In Today's Words:
Giving someone what they deserve—whether good or bad—is really about keeping things fair and even.
"The sentiment which most immediately and directly prompts us to reward, is gratitude; that which most immediately and directly prompts us to punish, is resentment."
Context: Smith identifies the two key emotions that drive us to take action in moral situations.
This shows how our emotions aren't just feelings—they're the engine of moral action. Without gratitude and resentment, we might recognize right and wrong intellectually but never feel compelled to do anything about it.
In Today's Words:
Feeling grateful makes you want to pay someone back in a good way; feeling wronged makes you want to see them face consequences.
"That action must appear to deserve reward, which appears to be the proper and approved object of gratitude."
Context: Smith explains how we recognize what deserves reward by examining what properly triggers our gratitude.
This reveals Smith's method for determining moral worth—we can trust our emotions as guides, but only when they're properly directed. Our gratitude is a reliable moral compass when it targets the right people for the right reasons.
In Today's Words:
If someone's actions make you genuinely grateful in a way that feels right, then they probably deserve something good in return.
Thematic Threads
Human Relationships
In This Chapter
Justice requires personal connection between the wronged/helped and the consequences that follow
Development
Building on earlier chapters about sympathy, now showing how emotions drive action
In Your Life:
You'll never feel satisfied with indirect karma—you need to be part of making things right
Personal Growth
In This Chapter
Understanding our need for personal involvement in justice helps us respond more effectively to both gratitude and resentment
Development
Expanding from individual moral development to interpersonal moral action
In Your Life:
Recognizing when you need direct resolution versus when you're seeking unhealthy revenge
Social Expectations
In This Chapter
Society functions through these personal emotional drives that enforce good behavior and punish bad behavior
Development
Showing how individual emotions serve broader social functions
In Your Life:
Your feelings about fairness aren't selfish—they're part of how communities maintain standards
Class
In This Chapter
Those with power can often avoid personal consequences, while working people face direct results of their actions
Development
Implicit theme showing how justice works differently across class lines
In Your Life:
Understanding why it feels especially unfair when powerful people face no personal accountability for their actions
You now have the context. Time to form your own thoughts.
Discussion Questions
- 1
According to Smith, why isn't it enough to just know that someone who helped you is doing well somewhere? What does gratitude actually demand from us?
analysis • surface - 2
How does Smith distinguish between general dislike and resentment? Why does resentment require personal involvement in consequences?
analysis • medium - 3
Think about a time when someone took credit for your work or idea. Were you satisfied when they faced some unrelated setback, or did you need them to face consequences specifically for what they did to you?
application • medium - 4
When you've been genuinely wronged, what's the difference between waiting for 'karma' and addressing the issue directly? Which approach is more likely to create actual change?
application • deep - 5
If gratitude and resentment are the emotional backbone of justice, what does this reveal about why purely logical or impersonal approaches to fairness often feel unsatisfying?
reflection • deep
Critical Thinking Exercise
Track Your Justice Patterns
Think of two recent situations: one where someone helped you significantly, and one where someone wronged you. For each situation, write down what actually satisfied your emotional response versus what you thought should satisfy it. Did you need personal involvement in both gratitude and consequences? What happened when that involvement was missing?
Consider:
- •Notice whether distant or indirect outcomes felt genuinely satisfying to you
- •Consider how the other person's understanding of their impact affected your feelings
- •Observe whether your emotions pushed you toward direct engagement or passive waiting
Journaling Prompt
Write about a conflict in your life that still bothers you. Based on Smith's insights, what kind of personal involvement or direct addressing might help resolve those lingering feelings? What would meaningful consequences or acknowledgment look like?
Coming Up Next...
Chapter 15: When Justice Feels Right to Everyone
Now that we understand how gratitude and resentment drive justice, Smith will examine what actually deserves these powerful responses. Not every favor merits gratitude, and not every slight deserves punishment—so how do we tell the difference?
