The Jungle

romptly at seven the next morning Jurgis reported for work. He came to
the door that had been pointed out to him, and there he waited for
nearly two hours. The boss had meant for him to enter, but had not said
this, and so it was only when on his way out to hire another man that
he came upon Jurgis. He gave him a good cursing, but as Jurgis did not
understand a word of it he did not object. He followed the boss, who
showed him where to put his street clothes, and waited while he donned
the working clothes he had bought in a secondhand shop and brought with
him in a bundle; then he led him to the “killing beds.” The work which
Jurgis was to do here was very simple, and it took him but a few
minutes to learn it. He was provided with a stiff besom, such as is
used by street sweepers, and it was his place to follow down the line
the man who drew out the smoking entrails from the carcass of the
steer; this mass was to be swept into a trap, which was then closed, so
that no one might slip into it. As Jurgis came in, the first cattle of
the morning were just making their appearance; and so, with scarcely
time to look about him, and none to speak to any one, he fell to work.
It was a sweltering day in July, and the place ran with steaming hot
blood—one waded in it on the floor. The stench was almost overpowering,
but to Jurgis it was nothing. His whole soul was dancing with joy—he
was at work at last! He was at work and earning money! All day long he
was figuring to himself. He was paid the fabulous sum of seventeen and
a half cents an hour; and as it proved a rush day and he worked until
nearly seven o’clock in the evening, he went home to the family with
the tidings that he had earned more than a dollar and a half in a
single day!

At home, also, there was more good news; so much of it at once that
there was quite a celebration in Aniele’s hall bedroom. Jonas had been
to have an interview with the special policeman to whom Szedvilas had
introduced him, and had been taken to see several of the bosses, with
the result that one had promised him a job the beginning of the next
week. And then there was Marija Berczynskas, who, fired with jealousy
by the success of Jurgis, had set out upon her own responsibility to
get a place. Marija had nothing to take with her save her two brawny
arms and the word “job,” laboriously learned; but with these she had
marched about Packingtown all day, entering every door where there were
signs of activity. Out of some she had been ordered with curses; but
Marija was not afraid of man or devil, and asked every one she
saw—visitors and strangers, or work-people like herself, and once or
twice even high and lofty office personages, who stared at her as if
they thought she was crazy. In the end, however, she had reaped her
reward. In one of the smaller plants she had stumbled upon a room where
scores of women and girls were sitting at long tables preparing smoked
beef in cans; and wandering through room after room, Marija came at
last to the place where the sealed cans were being painted and labeled,
and here she had the good fortune to encounter the “forelady.” Marija
did not understand then, as she was destined to understand later, what
there was attractive to a “forelady” about the combination of a face
full of boundless good nature and the muscles of a dray horse; but the
woman had told her to come the next day and she would perhaps give her
a chance to learn the trade of painting cans. The painting of cans
being skilled piecework, and paying as much as two dollars a day,
Marija burst in upon the family with the yell of a Comanche Indian, and
fell to capering about the room so as to frighten the baby almost into
convulsions.

Better luck than all this could hardly have been hoped for; there was
only one of them left to seek a place. Jurgis was determined that Teta
Elzbieta should stay at home to keep house, and that Ona should help
her. He would not have Ona working—he was not that sort of a man, he
said, and she was not that sort of a woman. It would be a strange thing
if a man like him could not support the family, with the help of the
board of Jonas and Marija. He would not even hear of letting the
children go to work—there were schools here in America for children,
Jurgis had heard, to which they could go for nothing. That the priest
would object to these schools was something of which he had as yet no
idea, and for the present his mind was made up that the children of
Teta Elzbieta should have as fair a chance as any other children. The
oldest of them, little Stanislovas, was but thirteen, and small for his
age at that; and while the oldest son of Szedvilas was only twelve, and
had worked for over a year at Jones’s, Jurgis would have it that
Stanislovas should learn to speak English, and grow up to be a skilled
man.

So there was only old Dede Antanas; Jurgis would have had him rest too,
but he was forced to acknowledge that this was not possible, and,
besides, the old man would not hear it spoken of—it was his whim to
insist that he was as lively as any boy. He had come to America as full
of hope as the best of them; and now he was the chief problem that
worried his son. For every one that Jurgis spoke to assured him that it
was a waste of time to seek employment for the old man in Packingtown.
Szedvilas told him that the packers did not even keep the men who had
grown old in their own service—to say nothing of taking on new ones.
And not only was it the rule here, it was the rule everywhere in
America, so far as he knew. To satisfy Jurgis he had asked the
policeman, and brought back the message that the thing was not to be
thought of. They had not told this to old Anthony, who had consequently
spent the two days wandering about from one part of the yards to
another, and had now come home to hear about the triumph of the others,
smiling bravely and saying that it would be his turn another day.

Their good luck, they felt, had given them the right to think about a
home; and sitting out on the doorstep that summer evening, they held
consultation about it, and Jurgis took occasion to broach a weighty
subject. Passing down the avenue to work that morning he had seen two
boys leaving an advertisement from house to house; and seeing that
there were pictures upon it, Jurgis had asked for one, and had rolled
it up and tucked it into his shirt. At noontime a man with whom he had
been talking had read it to him and told him a little about it, with
the result that Jurgis had conceived a wild idea.

He brought out the placard, which was quite a work of art. It was
nearly two feet long, printed on calendered paper, with a selection of
colors so bright that they shone even in the moonlight. The center of
the placard was occupied by a house, brilliantly painted, new, and
dazzling. The roof of it was of a purple hue, and trimmed with gold;
the house itself was silvery, and the doors and windows red. It was a
two-story building, with a porch in front, and a very fancy scrollwork
around the edges; it was complete in every tiniest detail, even the
doorknob, and there was a hammock on the porch and white lace curtains
in the windows. Underneath this, in one corner, was a picture of a
husband and wife in loving embrace; in the opposite corner was a
cradle, with fluffy curtains drawn over it, and a smiling cherub
hovering upon silver-colored wings. For fear that the significance of
all this should be lost, there was a label, in Polish, Lithuanian, and
German—“Dom. Namai. Heim.” “Why pay rent?” the linguistic circular
went on to demand. “Why not own your own home? Do you know that you can
buy one for less than your rent? We have built thousands of homes which
are now occupied by happy families.”—So it became eloquent, picturing
the blissfulness of married life in a house with nothing to pay. It
even quoted “Home, Sweet Home,” and made bold to translate it into
Polish—though for some reason it omitted the Lithuanian of this.
Perhaps the translator found it a difficult matter to be sentimental in
a language in which a sob is known as a gukcziojimas and a smile as a
nusiszypsojimas.

Over this document the family pored long, while Ona spelled out its
contents. It appeared that this house contained four rooms, besides a
basement, and that it might be bought for fifteen hundred dollars, the
lot and all. Of this, only three hundred dollars had to be paid down,
the balance being paid at the rate of twelve dollars a month. These
were frightful sums, but then they were in America, where people talked
about such without fear. They had learned that they would have to pay a
rent of nine dollars a month for a flat, and there was no way of doing
better, unless the family of twelve was to exist in one or two rooms,
as at present. If they paid rent, of course, they might pay forever,
and be no better off; whereas, if they could only meet the extra
expense in the beginning, there would at last come a time when they
would not have any rent to pay for the rest of their lives.

They figured it up. There was a little left of the money belonging to
Teta Elzbieta, and there was a little left to Jurgis. Marija had about
fifty dollars pinned up somewhere in her stockings, and Grandfather
Anthony had part of the money he had gotten for his farm. If they all
combined, they would have enough to make the first payment; and if they
had employment, so that they could be sure of the future, it might
really prove the best plan. It was, of course, not a thing even to be
talked of lightly; it was a thing they would have to sift to the
bottom. And yet, on the other hand, if they were going to make the
venture, the sooner they did it the better, for were they not paying
rent all the time, and living in a most horrible way besides? Jurgis
was used to dirt—there was nothing could scare a man who had been with
a railroad gang, where one could gather up the fleas off the floor of
the sleeping room by the handful. But that sort of thing would not do
for Ona. They must have a better place of some sort soon—Jurgis said it
with all the assurance of a man who had just made a dollar and
fifty-seven cents in a single day. Jurgis was at a loss to understand
why, with wages as they were, so many of the people of this district
should live the way they did.

The next day Marija went to see her “forelady,” and was told to report
the first of the week, and learn the business of can-painter. Marija
went home, singing out loud all the way, and was just in time to join
Ona and her stepmother as they were setting out to go and make inquiry
concerning the house. That evening the three made their report to the
men—the thing was altogether as represented in the circular, or at any
rate so the agent had said. The houses lay to the south, about a mile
and a half from the yards; they were wonderful bargains, the gentleman
had assured them—personally, and for their own good. He could do this,
so he explained to them, for the reason that he had himself no interest
in their sale—he was merely the agent for a company that had built
them. These were the last, and the company was going out of business,
so if any one wished to take advantage of this wonderful no-rent plan,
he would have to be very quick. As a matter of fact there was just a
little uncertainty as to whether there was a single house left; for the
agent had taken so many people to see them, and for all he knew the
company might have parted with the last. Seeing Teta Elzbieta’s evident
grief at this news, he added, after some hesitation, that if they
really intended to make a purchase, he would send a telephone message
at his own expense, and have one of the houses kept. So it had finally
been arranged—and they were to go and make an inspection the following
Sunday morning.

That was Thursday; and all the rest of the week the killing gang at
Brown’s worked at full pressure, and Jurgis cleared a dollar
seventy-five every day. That was at the rate of ten and one-half
dollars a week, or forty-five a month. Jurgis was not able to figure,
except it was a very simple sum, but Ona was like lightning at such
things, and she worked out the problem for the family. Marija and Jonas
were each to pay sixteen dollars a month board, and the old man
insisted that he could do the same as soon as he got a place—which
might be any day now. That would make ninety-three dollars. Then Marija
and Jonas were between them to take a third share in the house, which
would leave only eight dollars a month for Jurgis to contribute to the
payment. So they would have eighty-five dollars a month—or, supposing
that Dede Antanas did not get work at once, seventy dollars a
month—which ought surely to be sufficient for the support of a family
of twelve.

An hour before the time on Sunday morning the entire party set out.
They had the address written on a piece of paper, which they showed to
some one now and then. It proved to be a long mile and a half, but they
walked it, and half an hour or so later the agent put in an appearance.
He was a smooth and florid personage, elegantly dressed, and he spoke
their language freely, which gave him a great advantage in dealing with
them. He escorted them to the house, which was one of a long row of the
typical frame dwellings of the neighborhood, where architecture is a
luxury that is dispensed with. Ona’s heart sank, for the house was not
as it was shown in the picture; the color scheme was different, for one
thing, and then it did not seem quite so big. Still, it was freshly
painted, and made a considerable show. It was all brand-new, so the
agent told them, but he talked so incessantly that they were quite
confused, and did not have time to ask many questions. There were all
sorts of things they had made up their minds to inquire about, but when
the time came, they either forgot them or lacked the courage. The other
houses in the row did not seem to be new, and few of them seemed to be
occupied. When they ventured to hint at this, the agent’s reply was
that the purchasers would be moving in shortly. To press the matter
would have seemed to be doubting his word, and never in their lives had
any one of them ever spoken to a person of the class called “gentleman”
except with deference and humility.

The house had a basement, about two feet below the street line, and a
single story, about six feet above it, reached by a flight of steps. In
addition there was an attic, made by the peak of the roof, and having
one small window in each end. The street in front of the house was
unpaved and unlighted, and the view from it consisted of a few exactly
similar houses, scattered here and there upon lots grown up with dingy
brown weeds. The house inside contained four rooms, plastered white;
the basement was but a frame, the walls being unplastered and the floor
not laid. The agent explained that the houses were built that way, as
the purchasers generally preferred to finish the basements to suit
their own taste. The attic was also unfinished—the family had been
figuring that in case of an emergency they could rent this attic, but
they found that there was not even a floor, nothing but joists, and
beneath them the lath and plaster of the ceiling below. All of this,
however, did not chill their ardor as much as might have been expected,
because of the volubility of the agent. There was no end to the
advantages of the house, as he set them forth, and he was not silent
for an instant; he showed them everything, down to the locks on the
doors and the catches on the windows, and how to work them. He showed
them the sink in the kitchen, with running water and a faucet,
something which Teta Elzbieta had never in her wildest dreams hoped to
possess. After a discovery such as that it would have seemed ungrateful
to find any fault, and so they tried to shut their eyes to other
defects.

Still, they were peasant people, and they hung on to their money by
instinct; it was quite in vain that the agent hinted at promptness—they
would see, they would see, they told him, they could not decide until
they had had more time. And so they went home again, and all day and
evening there was figuring and debating. It was an agony to them to
have to make up their minds in a matter such as this. They never could
agree all together; there were so many arguments upon each side, and
one would be obstinate, and no sooner would the rest have convinced him
than it would transpire that his arguments had caused another to waver.
Once, in the evening, when they were all in harmony, and the house was
as good as bought, Szedvilas came in and upset them again. Szedvilas
had no use for property owning. He told them cruel stories of people
who had been done to death in this “buying a home” swindle. They would
be almost sure to get into a tight place and lose all their money; and
there was no end of expense that one could never foresee; and the house
might be good-for-nothing from top to bottom—how was a poor man to
know? Then, too, they would swindle you with the contract—and how was a
poor man to understand anything about a contract? It was all nothing
but robbery, and there was no safety but in keeping out of it. And pay
rent? asked Jurgis. Ah, yes, to be sure, the other answered, that too
was robbery. It was all robbery, for a poor man. After half an hour of
such depressing conversation, they had their minds quite made up that
they had been saved at the brink of a precipice; but then Szedvilas
went away, and Jonas, who was a sharp little man, reminded them that
the delicatessen business was a failure, according to its proprietor,
and that this might account for his pessimistic views. Which, of
course, reopened the subject!

The controlling factor was that they could not stay where they
were—they had to go somewhere. And when they gave up the house plan and
decided to rent, the prospect of paying out nine dollars a month
forever they found just as hard to face. All day and all night for
nearly a whole week they wrestled with the problem, and then in the end
Jurgis took the responsibility. Brother Jonas had gotten his job, and
was pushing a truck in Durham’s; and the killing gang at Brown’s
continued to work early and late, so that Jurgis grew more confident
every hour, more certain of his mastership. It was the kind of thing
the man of the family had to decide and carry through, he told himself.
Others might have failed at it, but he was not the failing kind—he
would show them how to do it. He would work all day, and all night,
too, if need be; he would never rest until the house was paid for and
his people had a home. So he told them, and so in the end the decision
was made.

They had talked about looking at more houses before they made the
purchase; but then they did not know where any more were, and they did
not know any way of finding out. The one they had seen held the sway in
their thoughts; whenever they thought of themselves in a house, it was
this house that they thought of. And so they went and told the agent
that they were ready to make the agreement. They knew, as an abstract
proposition, that in matters of business all men are to be accounted
liars; but they could not but have been influenced by all they had
heard from the eloquent agent, and were quite persuaded that the house
was something they had run a risk of losing by their delay. They drew a
deep breath when he told them that they were still in time.

They were to come on the morrow, and he would have the papers all drawn
up. This matter of papers was one in which Jurgis understood to the
full the need of caution; yet he could not go himself—every one told
him that he could not get a holiday, and that he might lose his job by
asking. So there was nothing to be done but to trust it to the women,
with Szedvilas, who promised to go with them. Jurgis spent a whole
evening impressing upon them the seriousness of the occasion—and then
finally, out of innumerable hiding places about their persons and in
their baggage, came forth the precious wads of money, to be done up
tightly in a little bag and sewed fast in the lining of Teta Elzbieta’s
dress.

Early in the morning they sallied forth. Jurgis had given them so many
instructions and warned them against so many perils, that the women
were quite pale with fright, and even the imperturbable delicatessen
vender, who prided himself upon being a businessman, was ill at ease.
The agent had the deed all ready, and invited them to sit down and read
it; this Szedvilas proceeded to do—a painful and laborious process,
during which the agent drummed upon the desk. Teta Elzbieta was so
embarrassed that the perspiration came out upon her forehead in beads;
for was not this reading as much as to say plainly to the gentleman’s
face that they doubted his honesty? Yet Jokubas Szedvilas read on and
on; and presently there developed that he had good reason for doing so.
For a horrible suspicion had begun dawning in his mind; he knitted his
brows more and more as he read. This was not a deed of sale at all, so
far as he could see—it provided only for the renting of the property!
It was hard to tell, with all this strange legal jargon, words he had
never heard before; but was not this plain—“the party of the first part
hereby covenants and agrees to rent to the said party of the second
part!” And then again—“a monthly rental of twelve dollars, for a
period of eight years and four months!” Then Szedvilas took off his
spectacles, and looked at the agent, and stammered a question.

The agent was most polite, and explained that that was the usual
formula; that it was always arranged that the property should be merely
rented. He kept trying to show them something in the next paragraph;
but Szedvilas could not get by the word “rental”—and when he translated
it to Teta Elzbieta, she too was thrown into a fright. They would not
own the home at all, then, for nearly nine years! The agent, with
infinite patience, began to explain again; but no explanation would do
now. Elzbieta had firmly fixed in her mind the last solemn warning of
Jurgis: “If there is anything wrong, do not give him the money, but go
out and get a lawyer.” It was an agonizing moment, but she sat in the
chair, her hands clenched like death, and made a fearful effort,
summoning all her powers, and gasped out her purpose.

Jokubas translated her words. She expected the agent to fly into a
passion, but he was, to her bewilderment, as ever imperturbable; he
even offered to go and get a lawyer for her, but she declined this.
They went a long way, on purpose to find a man who would not be a
confederate. Then let any one imagine their dismay, when, after half an
hour, they came in with a lawyer, and heard him greet the agent by his
first name! They felt that all was lost; they sat like prisoners
summoned to hear the reading of their death warrant. There was nothing
more that they could do—they were trapped! The lawyer read over the
deed, and when he had read it he informed Szedvilas that it was all
perfectly regular, that the deed was a blank deed such as was often
used in these sales. And was the price as agreed? the old man
asked—three hundred dollars down, and the balance at twelve dollars a
month, till the total of fifteen hundred dollars had been paid? Yes,
that was correct. And it was for the sale of such and such a house—the
house and lot and everything? Yes,—and the lawyer showed him where that
was all written. And it was all perfectly regular—there were no tricks
about it of any sort? They were poor people, and this was all they had
in the world, and if there was anything wrong they would be ruined. And
so Szedvilas went on, asking one trembling question after another,
while the eyes of the women folks were fixed upon him in mute agony.
They could not understand what he was saying, but they knew that upon
it their fate depended. And when at last he had questioned until there
was no more questioning to be done, and the time came for them to make
up their minds, and either close the bargain or reject it, it was all
that poor Teta Elzbieta could do to keep from bursting into tears.
Jokubas had asked her if she wished to sign; he had asked her twice—and
what could she say? How did she know if this lawyer were telling the
truth—that he was not in the conspiracy? And yet, how could she say
so—what excuse could she give? The eyes of every one in the room were
upon her, awaiting her decision; and at last, half blind with her
tears, she began fumbling in her jacket, where she had pinned the
precious money. And she brought it out and unwrapped it before the men.
All of this Ona sat watching, from a corner of the room, twisting her
hands together, meantime, in a fever of fright. Ona longed to cry out
and tell her stepmother to stop, that it was all a trap; but there
seemed to be something clutching her by the throat, and she could not
make a sound. And so Teta Elzbieta laid the money on the table, and the
agent picked it up and counted it, and then wrote them a receipt for it
and passed them the deed. Then he gave a sigh of satisfaction, and rose
and shook hands with them all, still as smooth and polite as at the
beginning. Ona had a dim recollection of the lawyer telling Szedvilas
that his charge was a dollar, which occasioned some debate, and more
agony; and then, after they had paid that, too, they went out into the
street, her stepmother clutching the deed in her hand. They were so
weak from fright that they could not walk, but had to sit down on the
way.

So they went home, with a deadly terror gnawing at their souls; and
that evening Jurgis came home and heard their story, and that was the
end. Jurgis was sure that they had been swindled, and were ruined; and
he tore his hair and cursed like a madman, swearing that he would kill
the agent that very night. In the end he seized the paper and rushed
out of the house, and all the way across the yards to Halsted Street.
He dragged Szedvilas out from his supper, and together they rushed to
consult another lawyer. When they entered his office the lawyer sprang
up, for Jurgis looked like a crazy person, with flying hair and
bloodshot eyes. His companion explained the situation, and the lawyer
took the paper and began to read it, while Jurgis stood clutching the
desk with knotted hands, trembling in every nerve.

Once or twice the lawyer looked up and asked a question of Szedvilas;
the other did not know a word that he was saying, but his eyes were
fixed upon the lawyer’s face, striving in an agony of dread to read his
mind. He saw the lawyer look up and laugh, and he gave a gasp; the man
said something to Szedvilas, and Jurgis turned upon his friend, his
heart almost stopping.

“Well?” he panted.

“He says it is all right,” said Szedvilas.

“All right!”

“Yes, he says it is just as it should be.” And Jurgis, in his relief,
sank down into a chair.

“Are you sure of it?” he gasped, and made Szedvilas translate question
after question. He could not hear it often enough; he could not ask
with enough variations. Yes, they had bought the house, they had really
bought it. It belonged to them, they had only to pay the money and it
would be all right. Then Jurgis covered his face with his hands, for
there were tears in his eyes, and he felt like a fool. But he had had
such a horrible fright; strong man as he was, it left him almost too
weak to stand up.

The lawyer explained that the rental was a form—the property was said
to be merely rented until the last payment had been made, the purpose
being to make it easier to turn the party out if he did not make the
payments. So long as they paid, however, they had nothing to fear, the
house was all theirs.

Jurgis was so grateful that he paid the half dollar the lawyer asked
without winking an eyelash, and then rushed home to tell the news to
the family. He found Ona in a faint and the babies screaming, and the
whole house in an uproar—for it had been believed by all that he had
gone to murder the agent. It was hours before the excitement could be
calmed; and all through that cruel night Jurgis would wake up now and
then and hear Ona and her stepmother in the next room, sobbing softly
to themselves.