Summary
Lao Tzu presents a paradox that anyone who's watched workplace dynamics will recognize: the people who are naturally good at something don't have to announce it or force it. Think of the manager who doesn't need to remind everyone they're in charge versus the one constantly asserting their authority. The chapter traces a downward spiral from natural wisdom to forced performance. At the top are people so aligned with the Tao that they don't even think about being wise—they just are. Below them are those who try to hold onto their goodness, which means they've already lost some of it. Further down are people who work hard at being kind, then those who force righteousness, and finally those who obsess over proper behavior and etiquette. Each level represents more effort and less authentic power. Lao Tzu argues that when we lost our natural connection to the Tao, we started needing rules about kindness. When kindness became forced, we needed rules about justice. When justice became performative, we got obsessed with manners and propriety. But propriety—caring more about looking right than being right—is where wisdom goes to die. It's the beginning of chaos because it prioritizes appearance over substance. The wise person, Lao Tzu concludes, sticks with what's real and solid rather than chasing the flashy surface. They choose the fruit over the flower—substance over style, being over seeming. This isn't about being lazy or careless; it's about understanding that the most powerful approach often looks effortless because it flows from genuine understanding rather than forced performance.
Coming Up in Chapter 39
Next, Lao Tzu reveals what happens when everything in the universe gets aligned with the One—and what we can learn from observing this cosmic harmony in our daily lives.
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An excerpt from the original text.(complete · 276 words)
T38. 1. (hose who) possessed in highest degree the attributes (of the Tao) did not (seek) to show them, and therefore they possessed them (in fullest measure). (Those who) possessed in a lower degree those attributes (sought how) not to lose them, and therefore they did not possess them (in fullest measure). 2. (Those who) possessed in the highest degree those attributes did nothing (with a purpose), and had no need to do anything. (Those who) possessed them in a lower degree were (always) doing, and had need to be so doing. 3. (Those who) possessed the highest benevolence were (always seeking) to carry it out, and had no need to be doing so. (Those who) possessed the highest righteousness were (always seeking) to carry it out, and had need to be so doing. 4. (Those who) possessed the highest (sense of) propriety were (always seeking) to show it, and when men did not respond to it, they bared the arm and marched up to them. 5. Thus it was that when the Tao was lost, its attributes appeared; when its attributes were lost, benevolence appeared; when benevolence was lost, righteousness appeared; and when righteousness was lost, the proprieties appeared. 6. Now propriety is the attenuated form of leal-heartedness and good faith, and is also the commencement of disorder; swift apprehension is (only) a flower of the Tao, and is the beginning of stupidity. 7. Thus it is that the Great man abides by what is solid, and eschews what is flimsy; dwells with the fruit and not with the flower. It is thus that he puts away the one and makes choice of the other.
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Intelligence Amplifier™ Analysis
The Road of Forced Performance - When Trying Too Hard Reveals You've Already Lost
The more effort someone puts into appearing virtuous or competent, the more they reveal their distance from authentic virtue or competence.
Why This Matters
Connect literature to life
This chapter teaches how to distinguish between authentic influence and performed authority by observing effort levels and natural responses.
Practice This Today
This week, notice when someone works too hard to prove their competence—the strain usually reveals what they're actually lacking.
Now let's explore the literary elements.
Terms to Know
Tao
The natural way or path of the universe - the underlying principle that governs everything without force or effort. It's like the current of a river that moves everything along without struggle.
Modern Usage:
We see this when someone is 'in the zone' or when things just flow naturally without forcing them.
Wu Wei
Action without forcing - doing what needs to be done without struggle or artificial effort. It's the difference between swimming with the current versus fighting against it.
Modern Usage:
Like a skilled nurse who handles emergencies calmly, or a parent who guides without nagging.
Virtue (De)
Natural goodness that flows from being aligned with the Tao. It's not about following rules but about authentic character that doesn't need to announce itself.
Modern Usage:
The coworker everyone trusts who never brags about being trustworthy, or the neighbor who just naturally helps others.
Propriety (Li)
Formal rules of proper behavior and etiquette. Lao Tzu sees this as the lowest form of wisdom because it focuses on appearance rather than genuine character.
Modern Usage:
Corporate policies about 'team building' or people who are more concerned with looking professional than being helpful.
Benevolence (Ren)
Deliberate kindness - when someone has to work at being good rather than it coming naturally. It's still positive but requires conscious effort.
Modern Usage:
The person who sets reminders to call their elderly relatives or schedules time to volunteer.
Righteousness (Yi)
Forced justice - when someone has to push themselves to do the right thing rather than it flowing naturally from their character.
Modern Usage:
The manager who follows HR protocols strictly but lacks natural empathy for their team's struggles.
The Great Man
Lao Tzu's ideal person who operates from genuine wisdom rather than learned behavior. They choose substance over appearance in all situations.
Modern Usage:
The experienced worker who gets things done quietly while others make a show of being busy.
Characters in This Chapter
Those with highest Tao
Ideal examples
They possess natural wisdom without trying or showing off. They don't even think about being good - they just are.
Modern Equivalent:
The naturally gifted coworker who makes everything look easy
Those with lower virtue
Struggling practitioners
They work hard to maintain their goodness but the effort itself shows they've lost the natural flow. They're trying not to lose what they have.
Modern Equivalent:
The person constantly worried about doing the right thing
Those focused on benevolence
Well-meaning strivers
They actively seek to be kind and carry out good deeds, but it requires conscious effort rather than flowing naturally.
Modern Equivalent:
The volunteer coordinator who schedules kindness
Those obsessed with propriety
Rule followers
They care most about proper behavior and appearances. When others don't respond to their etiquette, they become forceful and demanding.
Modern Equivalent:
The HOA president who writes angry letters about lawn height
The Great Man
Wise exemplar
Chooses what is solid and real over what is flashy and superficial. Represents the ideal of authentic wisdom over performance.
Modern Equivalent:
The mentor who teaches through example rather than lectures
Key Quotes & Analysis
"Those who possessed in highest degree the attributes of the Tao did not seek to show them, and therefore they possessed them in fullest measure."
Context: Opening statement about the paradox of true wisdom
This captures the central paradox - the moment you try to prove you have something, you've already lost it. True mastery doesn't need to advertise itself.
In Today's Words:
The people who are really good at something don't need to brag about it.
"When the Tao was lost, its attributes appeared; when its attributes were lost, benevolence appeared."
Context: Describing the downward spiral from natural wisdom to forced behavior
Shows how each step away from natural wisdom requires more rules and effort. We only need to talk about kindness when we've lost the ability to be naturally kind.
In Today's Words:
When people stopped being naturally good, they had to start working at it.
"Propriety is the attenuated form of leal-heartedness and good faith, and is also the commencement of disorder."
Context: Explaining why focusing on proper behavior is actually dangerous
Warns that when we care more about looking right than being right, we're heading toward chaos. Surface-level correctness masks deeper problems.
In Today's Words:
When all people care about is following the rules perfectly, that's when things really start falling apart.
"The Great man abides by what is solid, and eschews what is flashy."
Context: Final advice about choosing substance over appearance
Provides practical guidance for living wisely - choose the real thing over the showy version every time. Focus on what actually works rather than what looks impressive.
In Today's Words:
Smart people stick with what actually works instead of chasing whatever looks good.
Thematic Threads
Authenticity
In This Chapter
The contrast between natural virtue and performed virtue, showing how forcing goodness actually corrupts it
Development
Introduced here
In Your Life:
You might catch yourself over-explaining your good intentions when you're feeling insecure about your motives.
Power
In This Chapter
True power operates effortlessly while false power requires constant demonstration and enforcement
Development
Introduced here
In Your Life:
You might notice how the most effective leaders you know rarely have to remind people they're in charge.
Social Expectations
In This Chapter
The progression from natural behavior to rule-following shows how social pressure corrupts authentic response
Development
Introduced here
In Your Life:
You might find yourself following workplace protocols that feel meaningless while ignoring what would actually help.
Personal Growth
In This Chapter
Growth means moving toward substance rather than surface, choosing reality over appearance
Development
Introduced here
In Your Life:
You might recognize that your most meaningful improvements happened quietly, without fanfare or social media posts.
You now have the context. Time to form your own thoughts.
Discussion Questions
- 1
According to Lao Tzu, what's the difference between someone who naturally acts with wisdom versus someone who has to work hard at being good?
analysis • surface - 2
Why does Lao Tzu say that caring too much about proper behavior and etiquette is actually the beginning of chaos?
analysis • medium - 3
Think about your workplace or school - can you identify someone who has natural authority versus someone who constantly has to assert their power? What's the difference in how people respond to them?
application • medium - 4
When you catch yourself working really hard to appear virtuous, competent, or caring, what does that tell you about what you might actually be lacking?
application • deep - 5
What does this chapter suggest about the relationship between effort and authenticity in human behavior?
reflection • deep
Critical Thinking Exercise
Performance Audit
Think of three different areas of your life - work, relationships, and personal goals. For each area, identify one thing you find yourself 'performing' or working hard to demonstrate to others. Write down what you're trying to prove and why you feel the need to prove it. Then consider what it would look like to focus on substance instead of performance in that area.
Consider:
- •Notice the difference between doing something because it matters to you versus doing it because you want others to see you doing it
- •Pay attention to areas where you feel like you have to constantly justify or explain yourself
- •Consider whether your energy is going toward being something or appearing to be something
Journaling Prompt
Write about a time when you stopped trying to prove something and simply focused on being authentic. What changed in how others responded to you, and how did it feel different internally?
Coming Up Next...
Chapter 39: When Everything Flows from One Source
Moving forward, we'll examine natural systems maintain balance through connection to core principles, and understand effective leadership comes from aligning with universal patterns. These insights bridge the gap between classic literature and modern experience.