Robinson Crusoe

RETURN TO ENGLAND

Having done all this I left them the next day, and went on board the
ship. We prepared immediately to sail, but did not weigh that night.
The next morning early, two of the five men came swimming to the ship’s
side, and making the most lamentable complaint of the other three,
begged to be taken into the ship for God’s sake, for they should be
murdered, and begged the captain to take them on board, though he
hanged them immediately. Upon this the captain pretended to have no
power without me; but after some difficulty, and after their solemn
promises of amendment, they were taken on board, and were, some time
after, soundly whipped and pickled; after which they proved very honest
and quiet fellows.

Some time after this, the boat was ordered on shore, the tide being up,
with the things promised to the men; to which the captain, at my
intercession, caused their chests and clothes to be added, which they
took, and were very thankful for. I also encouraged them, by telling
them that if it lay in my power to send any vessel to take them in, I
would not forget them.

When I took leave of this island, I carried on board, for relics, the
great goat-skin cap I had made, my umbrella, and one of my parrots;
also, I forgot not to take the money I formerly mentioned, which had
lain by me so long useless that it was grown rusty or tarnished, and
could hardly pass for silver till it had been a little rubbed and
handled, as also the money I found in the wreck of the Spanish ship.
And thus I left the island, the 19th of December, as I found by the
ship’s account, in the year 1686, after I had been upon it
eight-and-twenty years, two months, and nineteen days; being delivered
from this second captivity the same day of the month that I first made
my escape in the long-boat from among the Moors of Sallee. In this
vessel, after a long voyage, I arrived in England the 11th of June, in
the year 1687, having been thirty-five years absent.

When I came to England I was as perfect a stranger to all the world as
if I had never been known there. My benefactor and faithful steward,
whom I had left my money in trust with, was alive, but had had great
misfortunes in the world; was become a widow the second time, and very
low in the world. I made her very easy as to what she owed me, assuring
her I would give her no trouble; but, on the contrary, in gratitude for
her former care and faithfulness to me, I relieved her as my little
stock would afford; which at that time would, indeed, allow me to do
but little for her; but I assured her I would never forget her former
kindness to me; nor did I forget her when I had sufficient to help her,
as shall be observed in its proper place. I went down afterwards into
Yorkshire; but my father was dead, and my mother and all the family
extinct, except that I found two sisters, and two of the children of
one of my brothers; and as I had been long ago given over for dead,
there had been no provision made for me; so that, in a word, I found
nothing to relieve or assist me; and that the little money I had would
not do much for me as to settling in the world.

I met with one piece of gratitude indeed, which I did not expect; and
this was, that the master of the ship, whom I had so happily delivered,
and by the same means saved the ship and cargo, having given a very
handsome account to the owners of the manner how I had saved the lives
of the men and the ship, they invited me to meet them and some other
merchants concerned, and all together made me a very handsome
compliment upon the subject, and a present of almost £200 sterling.

But after making several reflections upon the circumstances of my life,
and how little way this would go towards settling me in the world, I
resolved to go to Lisbon, and see if I might not come at some
information of the state of my plantation in the Brazils, and of what
was become of my partner, who, I had reason to suppose, had some years
past given me over for dead. With this view I took shipping for Lisbon,
where I arrived in April following, my man Friday accompanying me very
honestly in all these ramblings, and proving a most faithful servant
upon all occasions. When I came to Lisbon, I found out, by inquiry, and
to my particular satisfaction, my old friend, the captain of the ship
who first took me up at sea off the shore of Africa. He was now grown
old, and had left off going to sea, having put his son, who was far
from a young man, into his ship, and who still used the Brazil trade.
The old man did not know me, and indeed I hardly knew him. But I soon
brought him to my remembrance, and as soon brought myself to his
remembrance, when I told him who I was.

After some passionate expressions of the old acquaintance between us, I
inquired, you may be sure, after my plantation and my partner. The old
man told me he had not been in the Brazils for about nine years; but
that he could assure me that when he came away my partner was living,
but the trustees whom I had joined with him to take cognisance of my
part were both dead: that, however, he believed I would have a very
good account of the improvement of the plantation; for that, upon the
general belief of my being cast away and drowned, my trustees had given
in the account of the produce of my part of the plantation to the
procurator-fiscal, who had appropriated it, in case I never came to
claim it, one-third to the king, and two-thirds to the monastery of St.
Augustine, to be expended for the benefit of the poor, and for the
conversion of the Indians to the Catholic faith: but that, if I
appeared, or any one for me, to claim the inheritance, it would be
restored; only that the improvement, or annual production, being
distributed to charitable uses, could not be restored: but he assured
me that the steward of the king’s revenue from lands, and the
providore, or steward of the monastery, had taken great care all along
that the incumbent, that is to say my partner, gave every year a
faithful account of the produce, of which they had duly received my
moiety. I asked him if he knew to what height of improvement he had
brought the plantation, and whether he thought it might be worth
looking after; or whether, on my going thither, I should meet with any
obstruction to my possessing my just right in the moiety. He told me he
could not tell exactly to what degree the plantation was improved; but
this he knew, that my partner was grown exceeding rich upon the
enjoying his part of it; and that, to the best of his remembrance, he
had heard that the king’s third of my part, which was, it seems,
granted away to some other monastery or religious house, amounted to
above two hundred moidores a year: that as to my being restored to a
quiet possession of it, there was no question to be made of that, my
partner being alive to witness my title, and my name being also
enrolled in the register of the country; also he told me that the
survivors of my two trustees were very fair, honest people, and very
wealthy; and he believed I would not only have their assistance for
putting me in possession, but would find a very considerable sum of
money in their hands for my account, being the produce of the farm
while their fathers held the trust, and before it was given up, as
above; which, as he remembered, was for about twelve years.

I showed myself a little concerned and uneasy at this account, and
inquired of the old captain how it came to pass that the trustees
should thus dispose of my effects, when he knew that I had made my
will, and had made him, the Portuguese captain, my universal heir, &c.

He told me that was true; but that as there was no proof of my being
dead, he could not act as executor until some certain account should
come of my death; and, besides, he was not willing to intermeddle with
a thing so remote: that it was true he had registered my will, and put
in his claim; and could he have given any account of my being dead or
alive, he would have acted by procuration, and taken possession of the
ingenio (so they call the sugar-house), and have given his son, who was
now at the Brazils, orders to do it. “But,” says the old man, “I have
one piece of news to tell you, which perhaps may not be so acceptable
to you as the rest; and that is, believing you were lost, and all the
world believing so also, your partner and trustees did offer to account
with me, in your name, for the first six or eight years’ profits, which
I received. There being at that time great disbursements for increasing
the works, building an ingenio, and buying slaves, it did not amount to
near so much as afterwards it produced; however,” says the old man, “I
shall give you a true account of what I have received in all, and how I
have disposed of it.”

After a few days’ further conference with this ancient friend, he
brought me an account of the first six years’ income of my plantation,
signed by my partner and the merchant-trustees, being always delivered
in goods, viz. tobacco in roll, and sugar in chests, besides rum,
molasses, &c., which is the consequence of a sugar-work; and I found by
this account, that every year the income considerably increased; but,
as above, the disbursements being large, the sum at first was small:
however, the old man let me see that he was debtor to me four hundred
and seventy moidores of gold, besides sixty chests of sugar and fifteen
double rolls of tobacco, which were lost in his ship; he having been
shipwrecked coming home to Lisbon, about eleven years after my having
the place. The good man then began to complain of his misfortunes, and
how he had been obliged to make use of my money to recover his losses,
and buy him a share in a new ship. “However, my old friend,” says he,
“you shall not want a supply in your necessity; and as soon as my son
returns you shall be fully satisfied.” Upon this he pulls out an old
pouch, and gives me one hundred and sixty Portugal moidores in gold;
and giving the writings of his title to the ship, which his son was
gone to the Brazils in, of which he was quarter-part owner, and his son
another, he puts them both into my hands for security of the rest.

I was too much moved with the honesty and kindness of the poor man to
be able to bear this; and remembering what he had done for me, how he
had taken me up at sea, and how generously he had used me on all
occasions, and particularly how sincere a friend he was now to me, I
could hardly refrain weeping at what he had said to me; therefore I
asked him if his circumstances admitted him to spare so much money at
that time, and if it would not straiten him? He told me he could not
say but it might straiten him a little; but, however, it was my money,
and I might want it more than he.

Everything the good man said was full of affection, and I could hardly
refrain from tears while he spoke; in short, I took one hundred of the
moidores, and called for a pen and ink to give him a receipt for them:
then I returned him the rest, and told him if ever I had possession of
the plantation I would return the other to him also (as, indeed, I
afterwards did); and that as to the bill of sale of his part in his
son’s ship, I would not take it by any means; but that if I wanted the
money, I found he was honest enough to pay me; and if I did not, but
came to receive what he gave me reason to expect, I would never have a
penny more from him.

When this was past, the old man asked me if he should put me into a
method to make my claim to my plantation. I told him I thought to go
over to it myself. He said I might do so if I pleased, but that if I
did not, there were ways enough to secure my right, and immediately to
appropriate the profits to my use: and as there were ships in the river
of Lisbon just ready to go away to Brazil, he made me enter my name in
a public register, with his affidavit, affirming, upon oath, that I was
alive, and that I was the same person who took up the land for the
planting the said plantation at first. This being regularly attested by
a notary, and a procuration affixed, he directed me to send it, with a
letter of his writing, to a merchant of his acquaintance at the place;
and then proposed my staying with him till an account came of the
return.

Never was anything more honourable than the proceedings upon this
procuration; for in less than seven months I received a large packet
from the survivors of my trustees, the merchants, for whose account I
went to sea, in which were the following, particular letters and papers
enclosed:—

First, there was the account-current of the produce of my farm or
plantation, from the year when their fathers had balanced with my old
Portugal captain, being for six years; the balance appeared to be one
thousand one hundred and seventy-four moidores in my favour.

Secondly, there was the account of four years more, while they kept the
effects in their hands, before the government claimed the
administration, as being the effects of a person not to be found, which
they called civil death; and the balance of this, the value of the
plantation increasing, amounted to nineteen thousand four hundred and
forty-six crusadoes, being about three thousand two hundred and forty
moidores.

Thirdly, there was the Prior of St. Augustine’s account, who had
received the profits for above fourteen years; but not being able to
account for what was disposed of by the hospital, very honestly
declared he had eight hundred and seventy-two moidores not distributed,
which he acknowledged to my account: as to the king’s part, that
refunded nothing.

There was a letter of my partner’s, congratulating me very
affectionately upon my being alive, giving me an account how the estate
was improved, and what it produced a year; with the particulars of the
number of squares, or acres that it contained, how planted, how many
slaves there were upon it: and making two-and-twenty crosses for
blessings, told me he had said so many Ave Marias to thank the
Blessed Virgin that I was alive; inviting me very passionately to come
over and take possession of my own, and in the meantime to give him
orders to whom he should deliver my effects if I did not come myself;
concluding with a hearty tender of his friendship, and that of his
family; and sent me as a present seven fine leopards’ skins, which he
had, it seems, received from Africa, by some other ship that he had
sent thither, and which, it seems, had made a better voyage than I. He
sent me also five chests of excellent sweetmeats, and a hundred pieces
of gold uncoined, not quite so large as moidores. By the same fleet my
two merchant-trustees shipped me one thousand two hundred chests of
sugar, eight hundred rolls of tobacco, and the rest of the whole
account in gold.

I might well say now, indeed, that the latter end of Job was better
than the beginning. It is impossible to express the flutterings of my
very heart when I found all my wealth about me; for as the Brazil ships
come all in fleets, the same ships which brought my letters brought my
goods: and the effects were safe in the river before the letters came
to my hand. In a word, I turned pale, and grew sick; and, had not the
old man run and fetched me a cordial, I believe the sudden surprise of
joy had overset nature, and I had died upon the spot: nay, after that I
continued very ill, and was so some hours, till a physician being sent
for, and something of the real cause of my illness being known, he
ordered me to be let blood; after which I had relief, and grew well:
but I verily believe, if I had not been eased by a vent given in that
manner to the spirits, I should have died.

I was now master, all on a sudden, of above five thousand pounds
sterling in money, and had an estate, as I might well call it, in the
Brazils, of above a thousand pounds a year, as sure as an estate of
lands in England: and, in a word, I was in a condition which I scarce
knew how to understand, or how to compose myself for the enjoyment of
it. The first thing I did was to recompense my original benefactor, my
good old captain, who had been first charitable to me in my distress,
kind to me in my beginning, and honest to me at the end. I showed him
all that was sent to me; I told him that, next to the providence of
Heaven, which disposed all things, it was owing to him; and that it now
lay on me to reward him, which I would do a hundred-fold: so I first
returned to him the hundred moidores I had received of him; then I sent
for a notary, and caused him to draw up a general release or discharge
from the four hundred and seventy moidores, which he had acknowledged
he owed me, in the fullest and firmest manner possible. After which I
caused a procuration to be drawn, empowering him to be the receiver of
the annual profits of my plantation: and appointing my partner to
account with him, and make the returns, by the usual fleets, to him in
my name; and by a clause in the end, made a grant of one hundred
moidores a year to him during his life, out of the effects, and fifty
moidores a year to his son after him, for his life: and thus I requited
my old man.

I had now to consider which way to steer my course next, and what to do
with the estate that Providence had thus put into my hands; and,
indeed, I had more care upon my head now than I had in my state of life
in the island where I wanted nothing but what I had, and had nothing
but what I wanted; whereas I had now a great charge upon me, and my
business was how to secure it. I had not a cave now to hide my money
in, or a place where it might lie without lock or key, till it grew
mouldy and tarnished before anybody would meddle with it; on the
contrary, I knew not where to put it, or whom to trust with it. My old
patron, the captain, indeed, was honest, and that was the only refuge I
had. In the next place, my interest in the Brazils seemed to summon me
thither; but now I could not tell how to think of going thither till I
had settled my affairs, and left my effects in some safe hands behind
me. At first I thought of my old friend the widow, who I knew was
honest, and would be just to me; but then she was in years, and but
poor, and, for aught I knew, might be in debt: so that, in a word, I
had no way but to go back to England myself and take my effects with
me.

It was some months, however, before I resolved upon this; and,
therefore, as I had rewarded the old captain fully, and to his
satisfaction, who had been my former benefactor, so I began to think of
the poor widow, whose husband had been my first benefactor, and she,
while it was in her power, my faithful steward and instructor. So, the
first thing I did, I got a merchant in Lisbon to write to his
correspondent in London, not only to pay a bill, but to go find her
out, and carry her, in money, a hundred pounds from me, and to talk
with her, and comfort her in her poverty, by telling her she should, if
I lived, have a further supply: at the same time I sent my two sisters
in the country a hundred pounds each, they being, though not in want,
yet not in very good circumstances; one having been married and left a
widow; and the other having a husband not so kind to her as he should
be. But among all my relations or acquaintances I could not yet pitch
upon one to whom I durst commit the gross of my stock, that I might go
away to the Brazils, and leave things safe behind me; and this greatly
perplexed me.

I had once a mind to have gone to the Brazils and have settled myself
there, for I was, as it were, naturalised to the place; but I had some
little scruple in my mind about religion, which insensibly drew me
back. However, it was not religion that kept me from going there for
the present; and as I had made no scruple of being openly of the
religion of the country all the while I was among them, so neither did
I yet; only that, now and then, having of late thought more of it than
formerly, when I began to think of living and dying among them, I began
to regret having professed myself a Papist, and thought it might not be
the best religion to die with.

But, as I have said, this was not the main thing that kept me from
going to the Brazils, but that really I did not know with whom to leave
my effects behind me; so I resolved at last to go to England, where, if
I arrived, I concluded that I should make some acquaintance, or find
some relations, that would be faithful to me; and, accordingly, I
prepared to go to England with all my wealth.

In order to prepare things for my going home, I first (the Brazil fleet
being just going away) resolved to give answers suitable to the just
and faithful account of things I had from thence; and, first, to the
Prior of St. Augustine I wrote a letter full of thanks for his just
dealings, and the offer of the eight hundred and seventy-two moidores
which were undisposed of, which I desired might be given, five hundred
to the monastery, and three hundred and seventy-two to the poor, as the
prior should direct; desiring the good padre’s prayers for me, and the
like. I wrote next a letter of thanks to my two trustees, with all the
acknowledgment that so much justice and honesty called for: as for
sending them any present, they were far above having any occasion of
it. Lastly, I wrote to my partner, acknowledging his industry in the
improving the plantation, and his integrity in increasing the stock of
the works; giving him instructions for his future government of my
part, according to the powers I had left with my old patron, to whom I
desired him to send whatever became due to me, till he should hear from
me more particularly; assuring him that it was my intention not only to
come to him, but to settle myself there for the remainder of my life.
To this I added a very handsome present of some Italian silks for his
wife and two daughters, for such the captain’s son informed me he had;
with two pieces of fine English broadcloth, the best I could get in
Lisbon, five pieces of black baize, and some Flanders lace of a good
value.

Having thus settled my affairs, sold my cargo, and turned all my
effects into good bills of exchange, my next difficulty was which way
to go to England: I had been accustomed enough to the sea, and yet I
had a strange aversion to go to England by the sea at that time, and
yet I could give no reason for it, yet the difficulty increased upon me
so much, that though I had once shipped my baggage in order to go, yet
I altered my mind, and that not once but two or three times.

It is true I had been very unfortunate by sea, and this might be one of
the reasons; but let no man slight the strong impulses of his own
thoughts in cases of such moment: two of the ships which I had singled
out to go in, I mean more particularly singled out than any other,
having put my things on board one of them, and in the other having
agreed with the captain; I say two of these ships miscarried. One was
taken by the Algerines, and the other was lost on the Start, near
Torbay, and all the people drowned except three; so that in either of
those vessels I had been made miserable.

Having been thus harassed in my thoughts, my old pilot, to whom I
communicated everything, pressed me earnestly not to go by sea, but
either to go by land to the Groyne, and cross over the Bay of Biscay to
Rochelle, from whence it was but an easy and safe journey by land to
Paris, and so to Calais and Dover; or to go up to Madrid, and so all
the way by land through France. In a word, I was so prepossessed
against my going by sea at all, except from Calais to Dover, that I
resolved to travel all the way by land; which, as I was not in haste,
and did not value the charge, was by much the pleasanter way: and to
make it more so, my old captain brought an English gentleman, the son
of a merchant in Lisbon, who was willing to travel with me; after which
we picked up two more English merchants also, and two young Portuguese
gentlemen, the last going to Paris only; so that in all there were six
of us and five servants; the two merchants and the two Portuguese,
contenting themselves with one servant between two, to save the charge;
and as for me, I got an English sailor to travel with me as a servant,
besides my man Friday, who was too much a stranger to be capable of
supplying the place of a servant on the road.

In this manner I set out from Lisbon; and our company being very well
mounted and armed, we made a little troop, whereof they did me the
honour to call me captain, as well because I was the oldest man, as
because I had two servants, and, indeed, was the origin of the whole
journey.

As I have troubled you with none of my sea journals, so I shall trouble
you now with none of my land journals; but some adventures that
happened to us in this tedious and difficult journey I must not omit.

When we came to Madrid, we, being all of us strangers to Spain, were
willing to stay some time to see the court of Spain, and what was worth
observing; but it being the latter part of the summer, we hastened
away, and set out from Madrid about the middle of October; but when we
came to the edge of Navarre, we were alarmed, at several towns on the
way, with an account that so much snow was falling on the French side
of the mountains, that several travellers were obliged to come back to
Pampeluna, after having attempted at an extreme hazard to pass on.

When we came to Pampeluna itself, we found it so indeed; and to me,
that had been always used to a hot climate, and to countries where I
could scarce bear any clothes on, the cold was insufferable; nor,
indeed, was it more painful than surprising to come but ten days before
out of Old Castile, where the weather was not only warm but very hot,
and immediately to feel a wind from the Pyrenean Mountains so very
keen, so severely cold, as to be intolerable and to endanger benumbing
and perishing of our fingers and toes.

Poor Friday was really frightened when he saw the mountains all covered
with snow, and felt cold weather, which he had never seen or felt
before in his life. To mend the matter, when we came to Pampeluna it
continued snowing with so much violence and so long, that the people
said winter was come before its time; and the roads, which were
difficult before, were now quite impassable; for, in a word, the snow
lay in some places too thick for us to travel, and being not hard
frozen, as is the case in the northern countries, there was no going
without being in danger of being buried alive every step. We stayed no
less than twenty days at Pampeluna; when (seeing the winter coming on,
and no likelihood of its being better, for it was the severest winter
all over Europe that had been known in the memory of man) I proposed
that we should go away to Fontarabia, and there take shipping for
Bordeaux, which was a very little voyage. But, while I was considering
this, there came in four French gentlemen, who, having been stopped on
the French side of the passes, as we were on the Spanish, had found out
a guide, who, traversing the country near the head of Languedoc, had
brought them over the mountains by such ways that they were not much
incommoded with the snow; for where they met with snow in any quantity,
they said it was frozen hard enough to bear them and their horses. We
sent for this guide, who told us he would undertake to carry us the
same way, with no hazard from the snow, provided we were armed
sufficiently to protect ourselves from wild beasts; for, he said, in
these great snows it was frequent for some wolves to show themselves at
the foot of the mountains, being made ravenous for want of food, the
ground being covered with snow. We told him we were well enough
prepared for such creatures as they were, if he would insure us from a
kind of two-legged wolves, which we were told we were in most danger
from, especially on the French side of the mountains. He satisfied us
that there was no danger of that kind in the way that we were to go; so
we readily agreed to follow him, as did also twelve other gentlemen
with their servants, some French, some Spanish, who, as I said, had
attempted to go, and were obliged to come back again.

Accordingly, we set out from Pampeluna with our guide on the 15th of
November; and indeed I was surprised when, instead of going forward, he
came directly back with us on the same road that we came from Madrid,
about twenty miles; when, having passed two rivers, and come into the
plain country, we found ourselves in a warm climate again, where the
country was pleasant, and no snow to be seen; but, on a sudden, turning
to his left, he approached the mountains another way; and though it is
true the hills and precipices looked dreadful, yet he made so many
tours, such meanders, and led us by such winding ways, that we
insensibly passed the height of the mountains without being much
encumbered with the snow; and all on a sudden he showed us the pleasant
and fruitful provinces of Languedoc and Gascony, all green and
flourishing, though at a great distance, and we had some rough way to
pass still.

We were a little uneasy, however, when we found it snowed one whole day
and a night so fast that we could not travel; but he bid us be easy; we
should soon be past it all: we found, indeed, that we began to descend
every day, and to come more north than before; and so, depending upon
our guide, we went on.

It was about two hours before night when, our guide being something
before us, and not just in sight, out rushed three monstrous wolves,
and after them a bear, from a hollow way adjoining to a thick wood; two
of the wolves made at the guide, and had he been far before us, he
would have been devoured before we could have helped him; one of them
fastened upon his horse, and the other attacked the man with such
violence, that he had not time, or presence of mind enough, to draw his
pistol, but hallooed and cried out to us most lustily. My man Friday
being next me, I bade him ride up and see what was the matter. As soon
as Friday came in sight of the man, he hallooed out as loud as the
other, “O master! O master!” but like a bold fellow, rode directly up
to the poor man, and with his pistol shot the wolf in the head that
attacked him.

It was happy for the poor man that it was my man Friday; for, having
been used to such creatures in his country, he had no fear upon him,
but went close up to him and shot him; whereas, any other of us would
have fired at a farther distance, and have perhaps either missed the
wolf or endangered shooting the man.

But it was enough to have terrified a bolder man than I; and, indeed,
it alarmed all our company, when, with the noise of Friday’s pistol, we
heard on both sides the most dismal howling of wolves; and the noise,
redoubled by the echo of the mountains, appeared to us as if there had
been a prodigious number of them; and perhaps there was not such a few
as that we had no cause of apprehension: however, as Friday had killed
this wolf, the other that had fastened upon the horse left him
immediately, and fled, without doing him any damage, having happily
fastened upon his head, where the bosses of the bridle had stuck in his
teeth. But the man was most hurt; for the raging creature had bit him
twice, once in the arm, and the other time a little above his knee; and
though he had made some defence, he was just tumbling down by the
disorder of his horse, when Friday came up and shot the wolf.

It is easy to suppose that at the noise of Friday’s pistol we all
mended our pace, and rode up as fast as the way, which was very
difficult, would give us leave, to see what was the matter. As soon as
we came clear of the trees, which blinded us before, we saw clearly
what had been the case, and how Friday had disengaged the poor guide,
though we did not presently discern what kind of creature it was he had
killed.