Summary
Will Ladislaw is wandering through the Vatican museums in Rome when his artist friend Naumann spots a beautiful woman posing unconsciously near a classical statue. The woman turns out to be Dorothea, now Mrs. Casaubon, whom Will barely knows but who is married to his older cousin. Naumann is captivated by the artistic contrast - ancient marble beauty next to living, breathing beauty with 'Christian centuries in its bosom.' He wants to paint her portrait and asks Will to help him meet her. But Will becomes unexpectedly agitated and defensive, refusing to help and arguing that painting can never capture a woman's true essence - her voice, her movement, her changing expressions. Naumann teases that Will is jealous and protective of his 'great-aunt,' which only irritates Will more. The chapter ends with Will puzzled by his own strong reaction, wondering why he's making such a fuss about Mrs. Casaubon when he barely knows her. This scene reveals how we can surprise ourselves with feelings we didn't know existed. Will's defensive reaction suggests Dorothea has made a deeper impression than he admitted, even to himself. The contrast between Naumann's artistic objectification and Will's protective instincts hints at different ways of seeing and valuing women - as artistic subjects versus as complex human beings.
Coming Up in Chapter 20
Will's unexpected emotional reaction to seeing Dorothea sets up complications he hasn't anticipated. Meanwhile, Dorothea's honeymoon in Rome may not be the romantic awakening she hoped for.
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An excerpt from the original text.(~500 words)
L“’ altra vedete ch’ha fatto alla guancia Della sua palma, sospirando, letto.” —_Purgatorio_, vii. When George the Fourth was still reigning over the privacies of Windsor, when the Duke of Wellington was Prime Minister, and Mr. Vincy was mayor of the old corporation in Middlemarch, Mrs. Casaubon, born Dorothea Brooke, had taken her wedding journey to Rome. In those days the world in general was more ignorant of good and evil by forty years than it is at present. Travellers did not often carry full information on Christian art either in their heads or their pockets; and even the most brilliant English critic of the day mistook the flower-flushed tomb of the ascended Virgin for an ornamental vase due to the painter’s fancy. Romanticism, which has helped to fill some dull blanks with love and knowledge, had not yet penetrated the times with its leaven and entered into everybody’s food; it was fermenting still as a distinguishable vigorous enthusiasm in certain long-haired German artists at Rome, and the youth of other nations who worked or idled near them were sometimes caught in the spreading movement. One fine morning a young man whose hair was not immoderately long, but abundant and curly, and who was otherwise English in his equipment, had just turned his back on the Belvedere Torso in the Vatican and was looking out on the magnificent view of the mountains from the adjoining round vestibule. He was sufficiently absorbed not to notice the approach of a dark-eyed, animated German who came up to him and placing a hand on his shoulder, said with a strong accent, “Come here, quick! else she will have changed her pose.” Quickness was ready at the call, and the two figures passed lightly along by the Meleager, towards the hall where the reclining Ariadne, then called the Cleopatra, lies in the marble voluptuousness of her beauty, the drapery folding around her with a petal-like ease and tenderness. They were just in time to see another figure standing against a pedestal near the reclining marble: a breathing blooming girl, whose form, not shamed by the Ariadne, was clad in Quakerish gray drapery; her long cloak, fastened at the neck, was thrown backward from her arms, and one beautiful ungloved hand pillowed her cheek, pushing somewhat backward the white beaver bonnet which made a sort of halo to her face around the simply braided dark-brown hair. She was not looking at the sculpture, probably not thinking of it: her large eyes were fixed dreamily on a streak of sunlight which fell across the floor. But she became conscious of the two strangers who suddenly paused as if to contemplate the Cleopatra, and, without looking at them, immediately turned away to join a maid-servant and courier who were loitering along the hall at a little distance off. “What do you think of that for a fine bit of antithesis?” said the German, searching in his friend’s face for responding admiration, but going on volubly without waiting...
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Intelligence Amplifier™ Analysis
The Road of Unexpected Feelings - When Your Heart Surprises You
Strong emotional reactions that reveal feelings or connections we haven't consciously acknowledged to ourselves.
Why This Matters
Connect literature to life
This chapter teaches how defensive reactions often signal unacknowledged feelings before conscious awareness kicks in.
Practice This Today
This week, notice when you have surprisingly strong reactions to comments about people you claim not to care about—your emotions might be telling you something your mind hasn't figured out yet.
Now let's explore the literary elements.
Terms to Know
Romanticism
An artistic and intellectual movement that emphasized emotion, imagination, and individual expression over rigid classical rules. In Eliot's time, it was transforming how people thought about art, love, and personal fulfillment.
Modern Usage:
We see this in how we prioritize 'following your passion' and authentic self-expression over traditional career paths or social expectations.
Grand Tour
The fashionable European travel experience for wealthy young people, especially to Italy to see classical art and culture. It was considered essential education for the upper classes.
Modern Usage:
Similar to how study abroad programs or gap year travel are seen as character-building experiences for college students today.
Classical statuary
Ancient Greek and Roman marble sculptures that were considered the highest form of art. Educated people were expected to appreciate and understand these works as symbols of ideal beauty.
Modern Usage:
Like how certain cultural touchstones today (knowing Shakespeare, classic films, or fine art) signal education and sophistication.
Artistic temperament
The idea that artists are naturally more emotional, sensitive, and unpredictable than ordinary people. This stereotype justified both creative genius and erratic behavior.
Modern Usage:
We still use this to explain why creative people might be moody, dramatic, or difficult to work with.
Unconscious modeling
When someone naturally poses or positions themselves in a way that's artistically beautiful without trying. Dorothea unknowingly creates a perfect artistic composition.
Modern Usage:
Like when someone is naturally photogenic or has that effortless style that looks great without trying.
Protective jealousy
The instinct to guard someone from being objectified or treated as merely decorative, even when you have no official right to protect them.
Modern Usage:
When you get defensive about how others talk about or treat someone you care about, even if you're 'just friends.'
Characters in This Chapter
Will Ladislaw
Romantic interest in denial
He's touring Rome when he unexpectedly encounters Dorothea and becomes agitated when his friend wants to paint her. His strong reaction reveals feelings he doesn't understand yet.
Modern Equivalent:
The guy who insists he's 'not interested' but gets weirdly protective when other guys notice his female friend
Naumann
Artistic catalyst
The German painter who spots Dorothea's natural beauty and wants to capture it on canvas. His artistic objectification triggers Will's protective instincts.
Modern Equivalent:
The photographer friend who wants to turn every pretty moment into content for social media
Mrs. Casaubon (Dorothea)
Unknowing muse
She appears briefly but powerfully, unconsciously creating artistic beauty while absorbed in viewing classical art. She's unaware of the effect she has on both men.
Modern Equivalent:
The naturally stunning woman who has no idea how she affects people around her
Mr. Casaubon
Absent husband
Though not present in the scene, his existence as Dorothea's much older husband hangs over the encounter, making Will's feelings more complicated.
Modern Equivalent:
The controlling older partner who casts a shadow even when they're not around
Key Quotes & Analysis
"A woman is not a picture to hang on the wall."
Context: When Naumann wants to paint Dorothea's portrait
Will instinctively rejects the idea of reducing Dorothea to a static artistic object. This reveals his deeper understanding that she's a complex person, not just a beautiful thing to be captured and displayed.
In Today's Words:
She's a real person, not just something pretty to look at.
"The painter's fancy could never equal the charm of her actual presence."
Context: Arguing against painting Dorothea
Will believes Dorothea's living essence - her voice, movement, and changing expressions - can't be captured in paint. This shows he's already deeply attuned to her as a whole person.
In Today's Words:
No photo or video could capture what she's really like in person.
"She is married to my cousin."
Context: Explaining his connection to Dorothea
This simple statement carries weight - it establishes both his legitimate interest and the barrier between them. The formal relationship masks deeper, unnamed feelings.
In Today's Words:
It's complicated - she's family, but not really.
Thematic Threads
Identity
In This Chapter
Will is confused by his own reactions and doesn't understand who he's becoming around Dorothea
Development
Introduced here
In Your Life:
You might discover aspects of yourself through unexpected reactions to people or situations.
Class
In This Chapter
The tension between artistic objectification (Naumann's view) and protective respect (Will's view) reflects different ways of seeing women
Development
Developed from earlier class distinctions
In Your Life:
You might notice how different social backgrounds create different ways of treating people.
Human Relationships
In This Chapter
Will's protective feelings toward someone he barely knows shows how connections can form before we're aware of them
Development
Evolved from previous relationship dynamics
In Your Life:
You might find yourself caring about people more than you realized, even in brief encounters.
Social Expectations
In This Chapter
Naumann expects Will to help him meet Dorothea as a social favor, while Will refuses based on deeper principles
Development
Continued from ongoing social obligation themes
In Your Life:
You might face pressure to facilitate introductions or connections that feel wrong to you.
Personal Growth
In This Chapter
Will is forced to examine his own motivations and feelings when confronted with his unusual reaction
Development
Advanced from character development in previous chapters
In Your Life:
You might learn about yourself through moments when you surprise yourself with your own responses.
You now have the context. Time to form your own thoughts.
Discussion Questions
- 1
What specifically triggers Will's defensive reaction when Naumann wants to paint Dorothea's portrait?
analysis • surface - 2
Why does Will argue that painting can't capture a woman's true essence, and what does this reveal about how he sees Dorothea?
analysis • medium - 3
When have you noticed yourself getting unexpectedly protective or defensive about someone you claimed not to care much about?
application • medium - 4
How can recognizing your own surprising emotional reactions help you understand your true feelings before they complicate situations?
application • deep - 5
What does Will's confusion about his own reaction teach us about the gap between what we think we feel and what we actually feel?
reflection • deep
Critical Thinking Exercise
Track Your Defensive Moments
Think back over the past month and identify three times you had surprisingly strong reactions - getting defensive, unusually upset, or protective about something or someone. For each incident, write down what triggered you and what that reaction might have revealed about feelings or values you hadn't fully recognized. Look for patterns in what consistently gets you fired up.
Consider:
- •Notice the difference between logical responses and emotional reactions that seem disproportionate
- •Pay attention to when you find yourself making passionate arguments about things you claimed not to care about
- •Consider how these unrecognized feelings might be affecting your decisions and relationships
Journaling Prompt
Write about a relationship in your life where your actions suggest deeper feelings than you've admitted to yourself. What is your behavior telling you that your conscious mind hasn't acknowledged?
Coming Up Next...
Chapter 20: The Honeymoon's Bitter Reality
In the next chapter, you'll discover unmet expectations in relationships create profound disappointment, and learn emotional intimacy requires vulnerability from both partners. These insights reveal timeless patterns that resonate in our own lives and relationships.